An oxytetracycline bath protocol to eliminate the agent of withering syndrome, Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis, in captive abalone populations

Moore, James D.; Byron, Shauna N.; Marshman, Blythe C.; Snider, James P.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.01.014

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This finding suggests that other RLOs that do not appear to cause disease and mortality could proliferate under favourable conditions, and a high burden of these bacteria in affected tissues could alter or impair the normal function of the tissues, ultimately leading to disease development. Additionally, different host will have a distinct susceptibility to a particular RLO; in abalone, C Xc is highly pathogenic to H. cracherodii , H. sorenseni and H. rufescens (Friedman et al, 2000, 2007; Moore et al, 2019). While other abalone species like H. fulgens and H. corrugata are more resistant (Álvarez Tinajero et al, 2002; Moore et al, 2009; Cruz‐Flores et al, 2016).…”

Section: Rlos As Mortality‐causing Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Management options for serious bacterial diseases include avoidance of the infectious agent, biosecurity strategies and antibiotic treatment. Detailed protocols for antibiotic treatment for RLO infections are only available for C Xc (Friedman et al, 2000, 2003, 2007; Cáceres‐Martínez et al, 2011; Moore et al, 2019). Since C Xc cannot be cultured in vitro , antimicrobial susceptibility has been evaluated in vivo utilizing infected abalone (Friedman et al, 2000).…”

Section: Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that C Xc is susceptible to tetracyclines but not to chloramphenicol, clarithromycin or sarafloxacin (Friedman et al, 2000). The administration of oxytetracycline by intra muscular injection, medicated feed and baths has proven efficient to eliminate C Xc (Friedman et al, 2000, 2003; Cáceres‐Martínez et al, 2011; Moore et al, 2019). Furthermore, the administration of oxytetracycline orally has been effective to control C Xc in both pilot and production scale applications (Friedman et al, 2003).…”

Section: Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rickettsiales‐like organisms in bivalves and marine gastropods: a review

Cruz‐Flores

Cáceres-Martı́nez

2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Rickettsiales‐like organisms (RLOs) are intracellular bacteria that have been reported to be symbionts of over 60 species of bivalves and marine gastropod molluscs of aquaculture importance around the world. Morphologically, some of these prokaryotes are similar to bacteria from the order Rickettsiales, and in most cases, they form intracytoplasmic inclusions similar to those observed in bacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae. Genetically, only Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis (CXc), a parasite of several abalone species, has been classified as a member of the order Rickettsiales. The other two characterized RLOs are distantly related; one belongs to the same class (α‐proteobacteria), and the other belongs to the γ‐proteobacteria. Hyperparasitism of RLOs by bacteriophages has been reported in several species of mollusc and appears to have a negative effect on RLOs. The intracellular lifestyle of RLOs has been associated with cell alterations including hypertrophy and compression of the cytoplasmic organelles, and in most cases, no host reaction is observed by histology. In some cases, a high infection intensity of RLOs has been related to dysfunction of the affected organs that can result in disease, and in other cases, high burdens of RLOs have been associated with mortality, but most of these cases have yet to be confirmed. To date, only CXc has been confirmed as the aetiological agent of a chronic and potentially lethal disease of several abalone species known as withering syndrome. This disease is listed by the World Organization of Animal Health. With the ever‐increasing interest in preserving fisheries and expanding the aquaculture production of mollusc species, more efforts should be focused on the characterization and study of RLOs to elucidate the type of symbiosis they maintain with their host and determine when they are acting as true pathogens that should be subjected to control in aquaculture. This review provides an overview of the literature on RLOs that infect bivalves and gastropods of aquaculture importance, and we discuss the most important aspects of these unique prokaryotes.

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Section: Rlos As Mortality‐causing Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rickettsiales‐like organisms in bivalves and marine gastropods: a review

Cruz‐Flores

Cáceres-Martı́nez

2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

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“…In recent decades, the main disease contributing to the decline of wild Mexican abalone populations has been withering syndrome (WS), a chronic and fatal disease that has been responsible for moderate and massive mortality events [10,11]. Notably, the degree of susceptibility and occurrence of this disease varies among abalone species and the causes of WS remain poorly understood [1,3,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wild abalone (Haliotis spp.) populations are in decline worldwide due to overexploitation and natural causes, such as epidemic disease outbreaks [1]. Reductions in the populations of these species may result in both strong economic losses and unpredictable ecological impacts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of diversity in mediating microbiota structural and functional responses in two sympatric species of abalone under stressed withering syndrome conditions

Cicala¹,

Cisterna-Céliz²,

Paolinelli³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: The withering syndrome (WS) is an infectious disease initially affecting the gastro-intestinal tract (GI) of wild abalone populations of the coasts of Baja California. In spite of its high incidence, structural and functional changes in abalone GI microbiotas under WS-stressed conditions remain poorly investigated. Moreover, it is equally uncertain if interspecific microbiota features, such as the presence or absence of certain bacterial species, their abundances, and their functional capabilities, may prevent or at least lead to different microbiota responses. Healthy Haliotis fulgens and Haliotis corrugata from Baja California Sur (Mexico) harbor species-specific structural and functional microbiota profiles; hence, we hypothesize a distinctive microbiota response under WS-stressed conditions. Here, we compared both the structural arrangements and functional capabilities of healthy and dysbiotic microbiotas using 454 pyrosequencing high throughput sequencing technologies and PICRUSt v.2 outputs, respectively.Results: Our findings suggest that the extent to which WS may involve structural and functional changes in GI microbiotas is contingent on the microbiota diversity itself. Indeed, we report significant structual alterations in the less complex microbiotas of H. fulgens, which in turn led to a significant downregulation of several metabolic activities conducted by GI bacteria. Conversely, the effects of WS were marginal in more complex bacterial communities, as in H. corrugata, in which no significant structural and functional changes were detected. Conclusions: Our results provide new insights concerning the role of microbiome diversity in abalone health and the etiology of WS. Notably, complex bacterial communities appear to be less affected by WS than less complex microbiotas. Moreover, our insights suggest that structural changes observed under WS-stressed conditions may be considered stochastic, as predicted by the Anna Karenina principle, and result in the downregulation of several ecological functions conducted by GI bacteria. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that the occurrence of WS may be associated with shifts in GI microbiotas. Moreover, we propose that the susceptibility to WS that has been reported among abalone species may reflect the natural degree of complexity of the GI microbiomes harbored by each species.

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