An Overview: Tourism Non-governmental Organizations and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries

Kennedy, Kathleen A.; Dornan, D'Arcy

doi:10.1080/10941660902847237

Cited by 47 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Contrary to predictions and suggestions by previous authors [23, 34, 60, 62–65], at global scale we found that the proportions of successful projects is not significantly higher for those led by private operators (category 9) than for those led by other stakeholders (p = 0.52, Fisher’s Exact Test, one-tailed). Whilst many successful private sector conservation tourism projects have indeed been established in Africa during the historical period covered by this analysis (37), only a few involve NGOs (S3 and S4 Tables).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…This parallels the approach taken by development NGOs in using tourism for poverty alleviation [23, 43, 57, 60]. In developed nations, where government agencies have more powerful executive functions, NGOs seem to focus instead on political lobbying and formal submissions to public consultation processes [41, 42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Prediction 2. The proportion of ecotourism projects which are successful is higher for those which are initiated or controlled by a private sector partner, because of business experience and commercial connections with the tourism industry [23, 34, 60, 62–65]. Prediction 3.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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NGO Partnerships in Using Ecotourism for Conservation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2016

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We analyse 214 cases worldwide where non-governmental organisations (NGOs) use ecotourism for conservation. Other stakeholders in these initiatives include local communities, the private sector, and government agencies. Stakeholder relationships determine NGO roles and project management structures and governance. We classified cases into 10 structural categories based on the initiating stakeholder and the NGO role, and used these categories to analyze geographic patterns and success factors. Most of the 214 cases are community-based (~170; 79%); most are in developing countries (190; 89%); and most are in protected areas (196; 91%). Frequencies of structural categories differ between continents. More cases in Latin America and Asia are initiated by NGOs and local communities, and more in Africa by the private sector. Case-study authors used a range of economic, socio-cultural and environmental criteria to judge whether projects were successful. At global scale, we found no significant association between project success and the involvement of private tourism entrepreneurs. Projects involving either local or international NGOs had higher success rates than those that involved both simultaneously. Future research could adopt political ecology approaches to examine: the factors that lead NGOs to adopt ecotourism enterprises; their internal decision-making processes and strategies; their interactions with the stakeholders involved; and their conservation goals and outcomes.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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NGO Partnerships in Using Ecotourism for Conservation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2016

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“…As these organisations are typically made up of NGOs, logic would dictate that their programs be highly geared towards the needs of the host communities they serve in order to fill the void that public and private sector sending organisations are unwilling or unable to fulfil (Kennedy & Dornan, 2009). In seeking to identify the guiding considerations of these organisations, it is expected that an exploratory understanding will emerge of the likely altruistic influence that affects the types of programs these operators offer.…”

Section: Volunteer Tourism Sending Organisationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An examination of not-for-profit volunteer tourism sending organisations' guiding considerations that influence volunteer tourism programmes

Ong

Pearlman

Lockstone‐Binney

2011

World Leisure Journal

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This exploratory study examines the guiding considerations that not-for-profit volunteer tourism sending organisations utilise in designing and implementing volunteer tourism programs. These considerations encompass overarching factors that affect the strategic and operational direction sending organisations take, influencing their choice of activities and providing the framework for their programs.The study explores the vision and mission statements of not-for-profit sending organisations along with their program principles to extrapolate guiding considerations that underpin the implementation of volunteer tourism programs. Eleven guiding considerations were determined, with the five most frequently occurring listed in rank order as: Interaction, Needs of Host Community, Participant-Focused Benefits, Host Community-Focused Participation and Quality of Life.With three guiding considerations focused heavily on the impact on, and needs and involvement of the host community, it is a promising indication that not-for-profit sending organisations place strong emphasis on a host community-led strategy that keeps their programs relevant to key beneficiaries. However, the needs of the participants are not neglected, with participant-focused benefits, such as the learning and adventure components of trips, being a prominent guiding consideration to emerge from the analysis. Lastly, bringing mutual benefits and positive interaction between host communities and volunteer tourists is also a key focus of sending organisations in organising their programs. This research contributes to the limited literature on volunteer tourism sending organisations and offers an initial insight into the motivations and criteria that mould programs from the perspective of these organisations.Keywords: Host Community, Sending Organisations, Volunteer Tourism, Volunteer Tourism Programs 1 INTRODUCTIONAs a global market, volunteer tourism is estimated to generate 1.6 million tourists, contributing between US$1.76 billion and US$2.63 billion (Tourism Research and Marketing Group, 2008) to the global economy. Volunteer tourism may be the perfect tool to combine the modern traveller's leisure needs with the impetus to help others through volunteering.In response to growing demand for volunteer tourism, a substantial body of research has been conducted to gather the perspectives of volunteer tourists and host communities. Much of this research has centred on factors such as volunteer motivations (Brown, 2005;Campbell & Smith, 2006;Lyons & Wearing, 2008b;Söderman & Snead, 2008), impacts of volunteer tourism trips on the participants (Matthews, 2008;Stoddart & Rogerson, 2004), the discovery of the 'self' through volunteer tourism programs (Wearing & Wearing, 2001;Wearing, 2002) and the impacts of these programs on host communities (Andereck, Valentine, Knopf & Vogt, 2005;Guttentag, 2009;McIntosh & Zahra, 2007).A corresponding level of investigation from the sending organisation perspective is currently lacking. Sending organisations play a vit...

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“…The research results mainly appeared in the form of news reports rather than papers. Kennedy and Dornan (2009) studied the NGO organizational form, support mode, and role of in the process of tourism poverty alleviation. Kiernan (2013) focused on the nature conservation, geo-tourism, and poverty reduction nexus in developing countries.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on a Path of Precision Poverty Alleviation in Poor Rural District in China: A Case Study of the Chixi Village in Fuding, Fujian, China

Zhang¹

2017

JTHM

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Now, precise poverty alleviation is an important policy for rural work in China. Rural tourism poverty alleviation is an important way to get rid of poverty in rural areas of China, which is also a means of precision poverty alleviation in Chinese poor rural districts. Chixi village is noted as "the first China poverty village" in China. In recent years, Chixi village has been integrating tourism development and poverty alleviation. The study found that tourism development is playing an important role in the process of poverty alleviation and well directly benefits people in Chixi. This successful experience is worth learning and studying in depth.

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An Overview: Tourism Non-governmental Organizations and Poverty Reduction in Developing Countries

Cited by 47 publications

References 3 publications

NGO Partnerships in Using Ecotourism for Conservation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

NGO Partnerships in Using Ecotourism for Conservation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

An examination of not-for-profit volunteer tourism sending organisations' guiding considerations that influence volunteer tourism programmes

Study on a Path of Precision Poverty Alleviation in Poor Rural District in China: A Case Study of the Chixi Village in Fuding, Fujian, China

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