An overview on the worldwide vectors of Xylella fastidiosa

Cornara, Daniele; Morente, Marina; Markheiser, Anna; Bodino, Nicola; Tsai, Chang‐Her; Fereres, Alberto; Redak, Richard A.; Perring, Thomas M.; Lopes, João Roberto Spotti

doi:10.1127/entomologia/2019/0811

Cited by 77 publications

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“…Indeed, according to Irwin and Ruesink (1986), vector intensity depends on vector propensity (innate ability of the vector to transmit a certain pathogen) and vector activity (number of insect vectors alighting on the host plant for a certain period of time); therefore, a reduction of vector activity would lead to a decrease of vector intensity. However, several aspects related to vector ecology should be investigated in order to develop a sustainable long-term X. fastidiosa management strategy: i) vector population abundance within the orchard; ii) factors driving vector host selection and withinhost plant preference; iii) vector aggregation and dispersal dynamics; iv) influence of landscape on vector population dynamics (Santoiemma et al 2018;Bodino et al 2019).…”

Section: Conclusion and Further Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…spittlebugs, seem to play the key role in X. fastidiosa spread in Europe (Cornara et al 2018a;Cornara et al 2019). Indeed, the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius L. (1758) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) has been proven to be the main vector of X. fastidiosa to olive in South Italy, and is likely involved in bacterial spread in all the European outbreaks reported so far (Saponari et al 2014;Cornara et al 2017a;Cornara et al 2017b;Cruaud et al 2018;Morente et al 2018;Cornara et al 2019). P. spumarius has some different features with respect to its relationship with X. fastidiosa compared to sharpshooters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Feeding behavior in relation to spittlebug transmission of Xylella fastidiosa

et al. 2020

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Here we provide the first insights into the transmission dynamics of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa by the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius, gathered through DC-EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph)-assisted transmission tests and comparative observations of the probing and feeding behavior of infective versus non-infective vectors on healthy olive plants. Bacterial cells binding to P. spumarius' foregut occurred at a very low rate and in a time as short as 15 minutes spent by the insect in xylem ingestion or activities interspersed with xylem ingestion (interruption during xylem ingestion and resting). P. spumarius inoculation of bacterial cells into the xylem was exclusively associated with an early (ca. 2 to 7 minutes after the onset of the first probe) and occasional behavior, provisionally termed waveform Xe, presumably related to egestion regulated by pre-cibarial valve fluttering. Infective spittlebugs compared to non-infective ones exhibited: i) longer non-probing and shorter xylem ingestion; ii) longer duration of single non-probing events; iii) fewer sustained ingestions (ingestion longer than 10min) and interruptions of xylem activity (N); iv) longer time required to perform the first probe. These observations suggest difficulties in feeding of infective P. spumarius probably caused by the presence of X. fastidiosa within the foregut. Overall, our data indicate that likely short-time-few minutes-is required for X. fastidiosa transmission by P. spumarius, thus vector control strategies should aim at preventing spittlebug access to the host plant. Furthermore, our findings represent an important contribution for further research on the disruption of spittlebug-bacterium interactions.

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Section: Conclusion and Further Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding behavior in relation to spittlebug transmission of Xylella fastidiosa

et al. 2020

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“…True spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae), a family of xylem-sap feeder insects, recently gained fame as the vectors of the exotic plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells in Europe [1][2][3]. The introduction in Europe of this xylem-limited bacterium, the causal agent of the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS), led to dramatic dieback of olives in Apulia in recent years and prompted (1) identification of key plant taxa that, both within and nearby olive groves, allow nymphal development and adult survival of spittlebugs and can act as reservoirs of the vectors' populations; (2) description of exploitation of host-plants by nymphs based also on their instar and plant phenology; (3) host-plant selection of P. spumarius nymphs related to the abundance of plant taxa in the sampling sites; (4) patterns of spatial distribution of nymphal stages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spittlebugs of Mediterranean Olive Groves: Host-Plant Exploitation throughout the Year

Bodino

Cavalieri

Dongiovanni³

et al. 2020

Insects

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Spittlebugs are the vectors of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells in Europe, the causal agent of olive dieback epidemic in Apulia, Italy. Selection and distribution of different spittlebug species on host-plants were investigated during field surveys in 2016–2018 in four olive orchards of Apulia and Liguria Regions of Italy. The nymphal population in the herbaceous cover was estimated using quadrat samplings. Adults were collected by sweeping net on three different vegetational components: herbaceous cover, olive canopy, and wild woody plants. Three species of spittlebugs were collected: Philaenus spumarius L., Neophilaenus campestris (Fallén), and Aphrophora alni (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae). Philaenus spumarius was the predominant species both in Apulia and Liguria olive groves. Nymphal stages are highly polyphagous, selecting preferentially Asteraceae Fabaceae plant families, in particular some genera, e.g., Picris, Crepis, Sonchus, Bellis, Cichorium, and Medicago. Host-plant preference of nymphs varies according to the Region and through time and nymphal instar. In the monitored sites, adults peak on olive trees earlier in Apulia (i.e., during inflorescence emergence) than in Liguria (i.e., during flowering and beginning of fruit development). Principal alternative woody hosts are Quercus spp. and Pistacia spp. Knowledge concerning plant selection and ecological traits of spittlebugs in different Mediterranean olive production areas is needed to design effective and precise control strategies against X. fastidiosa vectors in olive groves, such as ground cover modifications to reduce populations of spittlebug vectors.

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“…Biological invasions are a pervasive component of global change, challenging the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources [1][2][3][4][5] . Many introduced populations remain innocuous for extended periods before spreading and becoming invasive 6 ; by the time impacts are noted, irreversible ecosystem changes might have occurred 1,7 . Species introduced into new environments with accidental or intentional human assistance represent a serious threat for native species, ecosystems and human well-being [8][9][10][11][12] .…”

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confidence: 99%

Behavioral effects induced by organic insecticides can be exploited for a sustainable control of the Orange Spiny Whitefly Aleurocanthus spiniferus

Mokrane

Cavallo

Tortorici

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The Orange Spiny Whitefly (OSW) Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) represents a new serious threat to Citrus spp., grapevine and ornamental plants in the whole Mediterranean area. Such threat urgently calls for the development of a sustainable control strategy, including insecticides compatible with biological control, and applicable also in organic citrus farming that represent an essential part of Mediterranean agricultural economy. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicity and the effects on host searching, oviposition, and probing and feeding behavior exerted on OSW by organic insecticides supposed to have limited side effects on environment and ecosystem services, i.e. sweet orange essential oil (EO), extract of Clitoria ternatea (CT), mineral oil, pyrethrin and azadirachtin. Despite none of the compounds caused a significant mortality of any of the OSW instars, we observed interesting effects on whitefly behavior: (i) EO and pyrethrin showed a relevant repellent effect, with impairment of both adults landing and oviposition on treated plants; (ii) CT and pyrethrin strongly affected probing behavior. Here, in the light of our findings, we discuss possible OSW sustainable control strategies and further research perspectives.

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An overview on the worldwide vectors of Xylella fastidiosa

Cited by 77 publications

References 0 publications

Feeding behavior in relation to spittlebug transmission of Xylella fastidiosa

Feeding behavior in relation to spittlebug transmission of Xylella fastidiosa

Spittlebugs of Mediterranean Olive Groves: Host-Plant Exploitation throughout the Year

Behavioral effects induced by organic insecticides can be exploited for a sustainable control of the Orange Spiny Whitefly Aleurocanthus spiniferus

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