An Overview on the Technology of Cross-Linking of Starch for Nonfood Applications

Ayoub, Ali; Rizvi, Syed S.H.

doi:10.1177/8756087909336493

Cited by 47 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The structure and physicochemical properties of cross-linked polymers related to adsorption (e.g., morphology, thermal stability, solvent swelling, crystallinity, and surface chemistry) differ compared with unmodified (native) polymers. The enhancement of such properties has led to diverse industrial and biomedical applications [11], aerospace and electronics [12], sorbents for wastewater treatment (decolorization and chelation of pollutants), or extraction of metals [13] and textile manufacturing [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Pillaring Effects” in Cross-Linked Cellulose Biopolymers: A Study of Structure and Properties

Udoetok

Wilson

Headley

2018

International Journal of Polymer Science

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Modified cellulose materials (CLE-4, CLE-1, and CLE-0.5) were prepared by cross-linking with epichlorohydrin (EP), where the products display variable structure, morphology, and thermal stability. Adsorptive probes such as nitrogen gas and phenolic dyes in aqueous solution reveal that cross-linked cellulose has greater accessible surface area (SA) than native cellulose. The results also reveal that the SA of cross-linked cellulose increased with greater EP content, except for CLE-0.5. The attenuation of SA for CLE-0.5 may relate to surface grafting onto cellulose beyond the stoichiometric cellulose and EP ratio since ca. 30% of the hydroxyl groups of cellulose are accessible for cross-linking reaction due to its tertiary fibril nature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results reveal the variable surface roughness and fibre domains of cellulose due to cross-linking. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and 13C NMR spectroscopy indicate that cellulose adopts a one-chain triclinic unit cell structure (P1 space group) with gauche-trans (gt) and trans-gauche (tg) conformations of the glucosyl linkages and hydroxymethyl groups. The structural characterization results reveal that cross-linking of cellulose occurs at the amorphous domains. By contrast, the crystalline domains are preserved according to similar features in the XRD, FTIR, and 13C NMR spectra of cellulose and its cross-linked forms. This study contributes to an improved understanding of the role of cross-linking of native cellulose in its structure and functional properties. Cross-linked cellulose has variable surface functionality, structure, and textural properties that contribute significantly to their unique physicochemical properties over its native form.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“Pillaring Effects” in Cross-Linked Cellulose Biopolymers: A Study of Structure and Properties

Udoetok

Wilson

Headley

2018

International Journal of Polymer Science

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“…Starch provides several interesting properties, such as polyfunctionality and high chemical reactivity amongst others [185] . These properties provide several ways of modifying starch, which in turn offers a variety of material properties [186][187][188][189][190] .…”

Section: State Of the Art In Starch Gel Polymer Electrolytementioning

confidence: 99%

Screen Printing Technology for Energy Devices

Willfahrt¹

2019

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations

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The technical application of screen and stencil printing has been state of the art for decades. As part of the subtractive production process of printed circuit boards, for instance, screen and stencil printing play an important role. With the end of the 20th century, another field has opened up with organic electronics. Since then, more and more functional layers have been produced using printing methods. Printed electronics devices offer properties that give almost every freedom to the creativity of product development. Flexibility, low weight, use of non-toxic materials, simple disposal and an enormous number of units due to the production process are some of the prominent keywords associated with this field. Screen printing is a widely-used process in printed electronics, as this process is very flexible with regard to the materials that can be used. In addition, a minimum resolution of approximately 30 µm is sufficiently high. The ink film thickness, which can be controlled over a wide range, is an extremely important advantage of the process. Depending on the viscosity, layer thicknesses of several hundred nanometres up to several hundred micrometres can be realised. The conversion and storage of energy is an important topic, either in the field of renewable energies or the energy supply of the Internet of Things (IoT). This thesis addresses the print production of both device classes. Vertically structured thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for energy conversion and stacked supercapacitors for energy storage are produced by screen printing. Papers I-IV focus on the generation of functional layers of vertically aligned thermoelectric generators. These can convert heat directly into electrical energy. The vertical design was chosen due to the simple application of the device at the heat source. The general feasibility of screen-printed, vertically aligned TEGs was demonstrated. Optimisation of the thermoelectric materials is required, so that the process can be used sensibly. In paper III, the Ni containing model ink was optimised for filling the cavities in the insulator layer. In paper IV the printed thermoelectric generators are modelled. The performance of a set of parameters can be estimated by this model. The high Seebeck coefficient of ionic conductors is used in paper V in so-called ionic thermoelectric supercapacitor (ITESC), a combination of TEG and supercapacitor. Paper VI presents an environmentally friendly supercapacitor with a printable separator based on cornstarch and citric acid, which has a competitive electrochemical performance compared to printed supercapacitors reported elsewhere. In paper VII, some parameters of screen-printed primary Zn/MnO 2 cells are optimised and a printable separator based on cornstarch and lactic acid was successfully tested. "The journey is the reward" Confucius comes closest to german aphorism "Der Weg ist das Ziel". This sentence best describes how I feel about my doctoral thesis, which is now being completed. The journey was longer than I initially thought, bu...

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“…Improvements in the resistance to dissolution in water and acidic media could allow CLS plastics to be biodegradable alternatives to many of the oil-based plastics commonly used in packaging [9][10][11] . Moreover, most CLS plastics are edible, making edible packaging another possible application [2] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tartaric Acid Cross-Linking of Starch: Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Maximum Tensile Strength of Cast Plastic Films

Mendoza

2015

JSST

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ABSTRACT:Modification of starch by cross-linking is used in many fields, as the process improves many of the properties of starch, yet most cross-linking agents in common use tend to be toxic, expensive, or both. Polycarboxylic acids could function as nontoxic alternatives to these -some, such as tartaric acid (TA), are also less expensive. This study presents a method to cross-link thermoplastic starch films with TA, as well as the effect of this modification on the tensile strength of the material when films are prepared using different reaction conditions. An increase in strength was observed, which is believed to occur due to an increase in the London dispersion forces acting within the cross-linked starch (CLS). The greatest observed increase in the maximum tensile strength of the plastic was 6%. Monosodium tartrate was used as a catalyst for the cross-linking reaction. The maximum tensile strengths of the plastics produced were determined by using adapted binder clips, a hook (total mass 10g) and hanging masses to subject films of the plastics to progressively greater tension. Incremental weights of 10g were used, with recorded tensions at fracture of 1.2~8.9 N.La modification d'amidon à l'aide de réticulation est utilisée dans de nombreux domaines puisque ce processus améliore un grand nombre des propriétés de l'amidon, cependant un grand nombre des agents de réticulation d'usage courant ont tendance à être toxiques, couteux, ou les deux. Les acides polycarboxyliques pourraient être utilisé en tant qu'alternatifs non toxiques pour ceux-ci -certains, tel l'acide tartrique (TA) sont disponible à faible coût. L'étude présente un procédé afin de réticuler des pellicules thermoplastiques d'amidon avec la TA, ainsi que l'effet de cette modification sur la résistance à la traction du matériel lorsque les pellicules sont préparées à l'aide de différentes conditions réactionnelles. Une augmentation de la force fut remarquée, et on estime que ceci se produire en raison d'une augmentation des forces de dispersion de LONDON agissant dans l'amidon réticulé. L'augmentation la plus proéminente de la résistance à la traction maximale de la matière plastique observée fut de 6%. Le tartrate monosodique fut comme catalyseur pour la réaction de réticulation. Les résistances à la traction maximale des matières plastiques produits furent déterminées par l'utilisation d'attaches adaptées, un crochet (masse total de 10g) et des masses suspendus afin de soumettre des pellicules de matières plastiques à une tension progressivement plus grande. Des poids incrémentaux de 10g furent utilisés, avec des tensions enregistrées à la rupture de 1,2 ~ 8,9 N.

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An Overview on the Technology of Cross-Linking of Starch for Nonfood Applications

Cited by 47 publications

References 25 publications

“Pillaring Effects” in Cross-Linked Cellulose Biopolymers: A Study of Structure and Properties

“Pillaring Effects” in Cross-Linked Cellulose Biopolymers: A Study of Structure and Properties

Screen Printing Technology for Energy Devices

Tartaric Acid Cross-Linking of Starch: Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Maximum Tensile Strength of Cast Plastic Films

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