An overview on the recent advances in computational fluid dynamics simulation of spouted beds

Abstract

Spouted beds are now widely applied in various physical operations and chemical reaction systems due to their unique structural and flow characteristics. Now there are growing interests to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to understand dense gas-solid two-phase flows in spouted beds. Both Eulerian-Eulerian (two-fluid model, TFM) and Eulerian-Lagrangian (discrete element method, DEM) approaches can be applied to the CFD modelling of spouted beds and spouted-fluidised beds, and numerous verification studies have shown their reliabilities. This overview summarises the recent advances of the TFM and DEM approaches in the CFD modelling of spouted beds. The typical flow patterns of spouted beds can be well reproduced by both the TFM and the DEM approaches, and the simulated characteristic properties such as spout diameter, minimum spouting velocity and voidage profile are in good agreement with experimental data, indicating that CFD modelling based on the TFM and DEM approaches can serve as an important tool for predicting gas and solids behaviour in spouted beds. The TFM approach has been widely used in phenomenological studies that are mainly towards the understanding of the flow behaviour of the whole system. Although more computational capacity is required, the DEM approach offers a more natural way to simulate gas-solid flows, with each individual particle tracked in the simulation and can be applied readily for particle tracking, collision, mixing, circulation and mass transfer studies that are aimed at obtaining the profound particle-scale understanding in fluid-solid multiple-phase systems. However, each approach has its own limitations and defects. The complex nature of the TFM-based simulation framework requires both proper descriptions of pseudo-fluid properties like solid pressure, solid viscosity, solid friction stresses, etc. and suitable choice of drag models, and the boundary conditions also have effects on the simulation results. Moreover, the effects of these factors often interact with each other, which require even more subtle skills in conducting a simulation. In the DEM approach, the high computing source requirement limits its application of no more than several million particles. Furthermore, more insight investigation should be given to the acting mechanism of several forces on particles. One common challenge for these two approaches is to properly describe the inherent turbulence for both the solid and gas phases, especially for the spout region. Further fundamental and experimental studies on the kinematic properties of the two phases are needed to improve the accuracy of the CFD models.

CFD simulation of a spouted bed: Comparison between the Discrete Element Method (DEM) and the Two Fluid Model (TFM)

“…CFD-TFM considers both the solid and the gas phases as interpenetrating continua, and is feasible for industrial-scale facilities, even though it is highly sensible to the parameter choice. CFD-DEM, on the other hand, tracks the trajectory of each discrete particle, thus representing the most natural choice, but it is more computationally complex and can be used up to lab-scale devices [11]. It is clear that the main difference between the two approaches is the way solid particles are considered within the simulation.…”

Modelling of Spouted and Spout-Fluid Beds: Key for Their Successful Scale Up

“…In general terms, all the reviewed works of this paper refer to simulations validated with experimental data and have been carried out at room temperature, unless stated otherwise. Previous literature works summarising the state of art on CFD modelling of SB [139,140] highlighted the lack of a deep comprehension of the physical behaviour of the solid phase and the absence of a common agreement between researchers on the most accurate models and parameters for several simulated physical features, emphasising the role of turbulence. This feature, as shown in the following paragraphs, is still open in more recent works.…”

CFD-DEM Simulation of Spouted Bed Dynamics under High Temperature with an Adhesive Model

“…The drag scaling factor is also applied considering the nonuniformity effect of fluid drag on the particles inside and outside an agglomerate [30]. This particle contact force shown as Eequation (11) can be calculated by linear spring model and Hertz-Mindlin model. A detailed comparison is given in the Section 3.…”

“…There are two kinds of methods that are called the Eulerian-Eulerian approach (two-fluid model, TFM) and the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach (CFD-DEM) in general. In TFM, the kinetic theory of granular flows (KTGF) is used to describe the particle-particle interaction implicitly [11]. In contrast, in the CFD-DEM model, the particle interactions are calculated explicitly using Newton's law, by tracking each particle or parcel.…”