An Overview on the Mechanisms and Applications of Enzyme Inhibition-Based Methods for Determination of Organophosphate and Carbamate Pesticides

Abstract

Acetylcholinesterase inactivating compounds, such as organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CM) pesticides, are widely used in agriculture to ensure sustainable production of food and feed. As a consequence of their applications, they would result in neurotoxicity, even death. In this essence, the development of enzyme inhibition methods still shows great significance as rapid detection techniques for on-site large-scale screening of OPs and CMs. Initially, mechanisms and applications of various enzyme-inhibition-based methods and devices, including optical colorimetric assay, fluorometric assays, electrochemical biosensors, rapid test card, and microfluidic device, are highlighted in the present overview. Further, to enhance the enzyme sensitivity for detection; alternative enzyme sources or high yield enrichment methods (such as abzyme, artificial enzyme, and recombinant enzyme), as well as enzyme reactivation and identification, are also addressed in this comprehensive overview.

Addressing the Selectivity of Enzyme Biosensors: Solutions and Perspectives

“…The analytical signal recorded for the AOX biosensor response is based on quantification of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) produced in both reactions and it is a sum of both methanol and ethanol conversions (Equation ( 7)), with a higher influence from methanol. In practice, the AOX analytical signals recorded for methanol-ethanol mixtures in comparison with the signals recorded for solutions containing only one alcohol present alone in the solution is higher than the analytical signals obtained for each individual alcohol and smaller than the sum of the individual signals following the enzyme affinity for each substrate following the specific Michaelis constants K M and Equation (8). Based on these facts, it is possible to detect both alcohols in mixtures from the interpretation of the analytical signals from ADH and AOX biosensors.…”

“…In addition various biosensors were developed for food analysis, targeting the detection of pesticides, glucose, lactate, glycerol (e.g., for monitoring fermentative processes), biogenic amines (for evaluating the freshness of fish and meat), bisphenol A, etc. In the same time, various enzyme biosensors were reported for monitoring the quality of the environment, for detecting contaminants such as organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, [ 8 ] toxic metals such as arsenic [ 9 ] or chromium [ 10 ], etc. Applications in agriculture or livestock health monitoring have also been reported, with some advanced concepts to interface biosensors with the Internet of Things [ 11 ].…”

Current Trends of Food Analysis, Safety, and Packaging

“…New detection methods like aptasensor [ 45 ], enzyme-based biosensor [ 46 ], origami multiple paper-based electrochemical biosensors [ 47 ], and graphene quantum dots-based photoluminescent sensor [ 48 ] are used for the detection of pesticides in food. Along with the advancement of spectrometric methods, liquid and/or gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS and/or GC–MS/MS) and biosensors are used for monitoring pesticides, and various enzyme inhibition-based detectors have been used for detecting pesticides in food [ 49 , 50 ]. To ensure food safety, pollutants must be continuously regulated and monitored using appropriate advanced procedures.…”

Nanozyme-Participated Biosensing of Pesticides and Cholinesterases: A Critical Review

“…Although these instrumental approaches present the merits of high selectivity and excellent repeatability, the limits including expensive equipment, time-consuming process, and complex operation seriously restrict their use for on-site rapid detection [14]. Contrastively, the enzyme inhibition principle is intensively explored for the biosensing of OPs and CPs [15,16]. With the attractive advantages of convenient operation and rapid response, there are numerous of colorimetric, fluorescence, and electrochemical pesticide sensors that were developed based on the principle [6,17,18].…”

“…To highlight the progress in this field, here we intend to summarize the principles, methods, and applications of nanozyme-based sensors for pesticide and ChE detection. What should be stated is that although there are a number of thematic reviews on pesticide and related biomarker biosensing [15,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], no reviews focus on the emerging applications of nanozymes in pesticide biosensors. Our contribution is expected to fill in the gap.…”