An overview on the life cycle of lithium iron phosphate: synthesis, modification, application, and recycling

Zhao, Tianyu; Mahandra, Harshit; Marthi, Rajashekhar; Ji, Xiaobo; Zhao, Wenqing; Chae, Sujin; Traversy, Michael; Li, Weilun; Yu, Fan; Li, Lin; Choi, Yeonuk; Ghahreman, Ahmad; Zhao, Zhongwei; Zhang, Chao; Kang, Yuxin; Lei, Yuntao; Song, Yunfeng

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.149923

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 389 publications

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“…A feature that characterizes vehicle batteries is their chemical composition, which generates battery performance but also contributes to the demand and method of selecting materials [40,41]. Lithium-ion batteries occupy a significant share of battery technologies, mainly due to their high efficiency provided through the right combination of high energy and power density [42]. The lithium used in them has the highest cell potential, which is due to having the lowest reduction potential among other elements [43].…”

Section: Subject Of Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Siwiec,

Frącz,

Pacana

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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The development of batteries used in electric vehicles towards sustainable development poses challenges to designers and manufacturers. Although there has been research on the analysis of the environmental impact of batteries during their life cycle (LCA), there is still a lack of comparative analyses focusing on the first phase, i.e., the extraction and processing of materials. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to perform a detailed comparative analysis of popular electric vehicle batteries. The research method was based on the analysis of environmental burdens regarding the ecological footprint of the extraction and processing of materials in the life cycle of batteries for electric vehicles. Popular batteries were analyzed: lithium-ion (Li-Ion), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), and three-component lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NCM). The ecological footprint criteria were carbon dioxide emissions, land use (including modernization and land development) and nuclear energy emissions. This research was based on data from the GREET model and data from the Ecoinvent database in the OpenLCA programme. The results of the analysis showed that considering the environmental loads for the ecological footprint, the most advantageous from the environmental point of view in the extraction and processing of materials turned out to be a lithium iron phosphate battery. At the same time, key environmental loads occurring in the first phase of the LCA of these batteries were identified, e.g., the production of electricity using hard coal, the production of quicklime, the enrichment of phosphate rocks (wet), the production of phosphoric acid, and the uranium mine operation process. To reduce these environmental burdens, improvement actions are proposed, resulting from a synthesized review of the literature. The results of the analysis may be useful in the design stages of new batteries for electric vehicles and may constitute the basis for undertaking pro-environmental improvement actions toward the sustainable development of batteries already present on the market.

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Section: Subject Of Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Siwiec,

Frącz,

Pacana

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Toward Sustainable Lithium Iron Phosphate in Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Regeneration Strategies and Their Challenges

Yan,

Qian,

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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In recent years, the penetration rate of lithium iron phosphate batteries in the energy storage field has surged, underscoring the pressing need to recycle retired LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries within the framework of low carbon and sustainable development. This review first introduces the economic benefits of regenerating LFP power batteries and the development history of LFP, to establish the necessity of LFP recycling. Then, the entire life cycle process and failure mechanism of LFP are outlined. The focus is on highlighting the advantages of direct recycling technology for LFP materials. Directly regenerating LFP materials is a very promising solution. Directly regenerating spent LFP (S‐LFP) materials can not only protect the environment and save resources, but also directly add lithium atoms to the vacancies of missing lithium atoms to repair S‐LFP materials. At the same time, simply supplementing lithium to repair S‐LFP simplifies the recovery process and improves economic benefits. The status of various direct recycling methods is then reviewed in terms of the regeneration process, principles, advantages, and challenges. Additionally, it is noted that direct recycling is currently in its early stages, and there are challenges and alternative directions for its development.

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Influence of the Polymer Binder Composition on the Charge Transfer Resistance, Morphology, and Crystallinity of LiFePO₄ Electrodes Revealed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Grazing Incidence Small‐ and Wide‐Angle X‐ray Scattering

Apfelbeck,

Heger,

Zheng

et al. 2024

Small Science

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Electrode materials for application in lithium‐ion batteries are commonly probed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) to investigate their crystalline structure. Grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) is an extension to XRD since in‐plane structures are also accessible. Additionally, with grazing incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS), morphological information on the nanoscale can be revealed. In this work, the nanostructure of battery electrodes, which consist of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as active material, carbon black (CB) as conducting agent, and the polymeric binders polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) and poly((trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium styrene) (PSTFSILi) is studied by performing GISAXS and GIWAXS. The chemical nature of the binder is tuned by blending PVDF and PSTFSILi. Specifically, a series of LiFePO4 electrodes with polymer blends of the common, non‐conducting PVDF and the single‐ion conducting PSTFSILi with different weight ratios as binders is investigated to understand the influence of the binder on the structure of the electrode in detail. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) complement these studies to correlate the morphology and structure with the electrochemical behavior. It is found that LiFePO4 crystallites do not exhibit any preferred orientation with respect to the substrate, irrespective of the binder composition, but their size depends on the binder composition.

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An overview on the life cycle of lithium iron phosphate: synthesis, modification, application, and recycling

Cited by 7 publications

References 389 publications

Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Toward Sustainable Lithium Iron Phosphate in Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Regeneration Strategies and Their Challenges

Influence of the Polymer Binder Composition on the Charge Transfer Resistance, Morphology, and Crystallinity of LiFePO₄ Electrodes Revealed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Grazing Incidence Small‐ and Wide‐Angle X‐ray Scattering

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An overview on the life cycle of lithium iron phosphate: synthesis, modification, application, and recycling

Cited by 7 publications

References 389 publications

Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Toward Sustainable Lithium Iron Phosphate in Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Regeneration Strategies and Their Challenges

Influence of the Polymer Binder Composition on the Charge Transfer Resistance, Morphology, and Crystallinity of LiFePO4 Electrodes Revealed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Grazing Incidence Small‐ and Wide‐Angle X‐ray Scattering

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Influence of the Polymer Binder Composition on the Charge Transfer Resistance, Morphology, and Crystallinity of LiFePO₄ Electrodes Revealed by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Grazing Incidence Small‐ and Wide‐Angle X‐ray Scattering