An Overview on the Development of Electrochemical Capacitors and Batteries – part II

Abstract

In the second part of the review on electrochemical energy storage, the devolvement of batteries is explored. First, fundamental aspects of battery operation will be given, then, different materials and chemistry of rechargeable batteries will be explored, including each component of the cell. In negative electrodes, metallic, intercalation and transformation materials will be addressed. Examples are Li or Na metal batteries, graphite and other carbonaceous materials (such as graphene) for intercalation of metal-ions and transition metal oxides and silicon for transformation.In the positive electrode section, materials for intercalation and transformation will be reviewed. The state-of-the-art on intercalation as lithium cobalt oxide and nickel containing oxides will be approached for intercalation materials, whereas sulfur and metal-air will also be explored for transformation. Alongside, the role of electrolyte will be discussed concerning performance and safety, with examples for the next generation devices. Finally, a general future perspective will address both electrochemical capacitors and batteries.

Lithium-Ion Capacitors: A Review of Design and Active Materials

“…Figure 1 gives an overview of the power and energy densities of ultracapacitors and LIBs compared to other energy storage technologies. A common target for advanced electrical energy storage systems is to provide high energy as well as high power in a single system [35][36][37][38]. A LIC is a comparatively modern system, intermediate in energy between batteries and supercapacitors, though giving supercapacitor-like power and cyclability properties.…”

Mechanochemical effect on the electrochemical properties of a Na3(VO)2(PO4)2F positive electrode for sodium-ion batteries

“…Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remain the top choice for commercial application due to their excellent specific energy of 250-300 W h kg À1 ; however, they present relevant disadvantages that arise from metal availability and cost, creating tensions regarding critical raw materials and, consequently, compromising their application in large-scale systems. 1,2 Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been demonstrated to be viable alternatives, especially for large-scale devices, owing to the abundance and wide distribution of sodium, costeffectiveness (i.e., aluminum as a current collector), and fundamental principles similar to those of LIBs, which have resulted in the exponential progression of SIB studies over the last few years. Furthermore, the overall cost of the extraction and purification of Na grants SIBs approximately 20-30% lower production costs than those of LIBs.…”