An overview on the analytical methods for characterization of biocrudes and their blends with petroleum

Upgrading of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Biocrude from Forest Residues Using Solvents and Mild Hydrotreating for Use as Co-processing Feed in a Refinery

“…In a preliminary phase of this study, 10 solvents with varying degrees of polarity were screened based on their ability to reject contaminants in biocrude. 38 The solvents included n-pentane, nheptane, toluene, dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, and methanol. In a typical test, ∼2 g of biocrude were mixed with ∼125 mL of solvent at room temperature.…”

Characterization of Differential Markers among Crude Oil Samples Using UPLC-QE-MS/MS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

“…These studies have demonstrated that Orbitrap MS is steadily becoming a reliable tool for petroleum characterization. 10 High-performance liquid chromatography is an effective method for studying complex mixtures, 1 of liquid chromatography and Orbitrap MS is beneficial for analyzing crude oil composition from multiple dimensions. 11 Yang et al 12 employed liquid chromatography−high-resolution Orbitrap MS to detect the characteristic distribution of naphthenic acids in various crude oils and refined petroleum products.…”

“…Petroleum serves as a crucial source of energy and chemical raw materials. In the realm of oil exploration and development, chemical analysis plays a pivotal role in completing oil source screening . Petroleum features a diverse and complex range of hydrocarbons and heteroatom-containing analogues, including sulfides and thiophenes, basic and non-basic nitrogen compounds, and carboxylic acids.…”

“…In the realm of oil exploration and development, chemical analysis plays a pivotal role in completing oil source screening. 1 Petroleum features a diverse and complex range of hydrocarbons and heteroatom-containing analogues, including sulfides and thiophenes, basic and non-basic nitrogen compounds, and carboxylic acids. While the proportion of heteroatom compounds in crude oil is relatively small, it can adversely impact critical processes such as petroleum refining, processing, transportation, and storage.…”

Understanding the Miscibility and Co-feeding Potential of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Biocrude in Refinery Streams: Role of Hydrodeoxygenation

“…Dependent upon the feedstock, the biocrudes produced from the HTL process also contain a considerable amount of heteroatom content other than oxygen [i.e., nitrogen (∼0.1–7 wt % N) and sulfur (∼0–2 wt % S)] ,,, and also a high inorganic content (∼0.1–0.6 wt %). , Overall, this makes HTL biocrude a highly complex mixture, containing phenols, alcohols, fatty acids, carbonyls, and other oxygenated compounds of a diverse nature (O x , O x N x , O x S x , etc. species). − Inevitably, this entails high viscosity/density, high total acid number (up to ∼100 mg of KOH/g TAN), high microcarbon residue (MCR), low H/C atomic ratio, low calorific value, immiscibility with fossil products, and poor chemical/thermal stability of biocrudes and incorporates undesirable fuel properties in refinery context. − Therefore, raw biocrudes are intermediate energy carriers and require further refining to enhance physicochemical properties, drop-in fuel potential, and co-feeding compatibility in an existing refinery infrastructure. ,, In recent years, because of low capital investment, the co-processing of renewable feedstocks (e.g., HTL biocrudes) is of high interest and a ready-to-use approach for refineries. ,, Because most of the studies in the literature represent the stand-alone hydroprocessing of biocrudes, ,, therefore, in co-processing, the main concern is the limited scientific results covering the insertion point of biocrudes in already existing refineries.…”