An overview on limitations of TiO2-based particles for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and the corresponding countermeasures

One‐Step Direct Synthesis of SiO2–TiO2 Composite Nanoparticle Assemblies with Hollow Spherical Morphology

“…However, surface hydrophobicity (lipophilicity) is necessary in some applications such as reinforcing agents in polymeric composites, [34,35] hydrophobic organic pollutant treatment, [5,36] corrosion protection of metals, [37,38] anti-biofouling, self-cleaning materials, [39] and oilwater separation. [40,41] Thus, controlling the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) is one of the most important surface factors in a number of applications.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] In addition, TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) are also used in the preparation of nanocomposites in order to enhance the optical, mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of polymeric materials. [13][14][15][16][17][18] Despite their inherent excellent properties, TiO 2 NPs have several drawbacks such as agglomeration and poor interaction with organic materials.…”

“…[13][14][15][16][17][18] Despite their inherent excellent properties, TiO 2 NPs have several drawbacks such as agglomeration and poor interaction with organic materials. [5,19] However, these problems can be overcome through modification of these NPs by combining them with silica (SiO 2 ). Silica-titania (SiO 2 -TiO 2 ) composite NPs are interesting materials, because of their remarkable photocatalytic efficiency, durability, [1,[20][21][22][23] and suitability for use as scaffold layer in perovskite solar cells, [24] which are enhanced with respect to those of TiO 2 NPs, as SiO 2 increases the mechanical and thermal stability, adsorption ability, and specific surface area of the NPs.…”

Synthesis of ammonium and sulfate ion-functionalized titanium dioxide for photocatalytic applications

“…For example, the high band gap energy of TiO 2 causes that the optimum photocatalytic activities to be achieved only with the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light. Hence, the usage of solar energy is insufficient for TiO 2 as solar light only contains 4 or 5% of UV radiation, whereas visible light radiation contributes 45% of solar energy (Yu et al 2006;Dong et al 2015).…”

“…The common metal elements used are, for example, silver, nickel, copper, iron, manganese, etc. (Dong et al 2015;Garza-Arévalo et al 2016). However, metal doping is relatively expensive in its application, whereas non-metal functionalization is comparatively more economical and results in decreased band gap energy of TiO 2 (Yu et al 2006;Sajid and Moo 2016;Zhang et al 2015;Govindan et al 2013).…”