An Overview on Indole Aryl Sulfide/Sulfone (IAS) as Anti‐HIV Non‐Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Abstract

Sulfur‐containing indoles are widely studied against different biological targets. Among several potential drug candidates, seven molecules of this class are in the current market and a few of them are either in pipeline or in different stages of clinical trials. Particularly, arylthioindoles or indolylarylsulfones (IAS) received great attention by medicinal chemists due to their pharmokinetic profiles and wide spectrum of biological activities like antiviral, anticancer, cardiovascular, and antibacterial properties. This review summarizes the developmental process, synthesis and structure activity relationship (SAR) around arylthioindole/indolylaryl sulfone scaffolds for antiviral/anti‐HIV non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTIs) activities. It also offers perspective for further development of 3‐indolylarylsulfones as an anti‐viral agent including their potential against novel COVID‐19 infection.

Development of Cycloisomerization with Rearrangement of a Tosyl Group Using N-Tosyl-o-allenylaniline

“…We further examined the use of palladium as another metal species (entries 7− 10), and when Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 , or (DPPF)PdCl 2 was used as the catalyst, the reaction did not proceed at all. However, when Pd(CF 3 CO 2 ) 2 , a highly Lewis acidic palladium, was used as a catalyst, only indole compound 2a with the tosyl group rearranged to position 3 was quantitatively obtained.…”

“…Sulfonyl indoles are known as biologically active compounds (Scheme 2). 10 For example, indole compounds with a phenylsulfonyl group at position 3 were developed as reverse transcriptase inhibitors for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). 11 Indole compounds with a phenylsulfonyl group at position 5 are known to have high affinity for 5-HT 3 (serotonin) receptors and are expected to be applied as antidepressant drugs.…”

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of indole-2-carboxylic acid derivatives as novel HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors

“…Indole alkaloids represent a well-known natural product, and majority of these alkaloids exhibit a variety of biological effect, such as antiviral, antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiplasmodial activities. [34][35][36][37] In particular, indole derivatives have been considered as one class of promising HIV-1 inhibitors targeting reverse transcriptase, protease, and CCR5. 38 Moreover, indole-b-diketo acid 5a was reported to inhibit the strand transfer process of integration, 39 and indole derivative was proved to be a allosteric inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase.…”

N-Sulfenylsuccinimide/phthalimide: an alternative sulfenylating reagent in organic transformations

“…In the sulfenylation of organic compounds, the sulfenylating agents are important factors, and the commonly utilized chemicals include thiols [16][17][18], disulfides [19][20][21][22], sulfenyl halides [23][24][25], sulfonamides [26], sulfenate esters [27,28], and methyl(bismethylthio)sulfonium salts [29,30]. Among various organic molecules, aryl sulfides are recognized as functional materials and indispensable synthetic intermediates in drug discovery [31][32][33]. Because of their value, constructing C-S bonds has attracted significant attention via metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and metal-free C-S bond formation [34][35][36][37].…”