An Overview of Waste-to-Energy in Malaysia

Abstract

Inevitably, energy plays a vital role on our social life and fossil fuel forms of energy meet the most part of our energy demand. Fossil fuels are exhaustible whereas global energy demand is increasing. Furthermore, they pose significant and principal adverse impacts on environment and public health. As a consequence, societies are seeking alternatives to substitute the fossil fuel consumption. The issue of utilizing agriculture waste to produce energy has always been the matter of debate for the societies.

Solid‐state foaming of carbon fiber/polypropylene/nano‐CACO3 composite using supercritical CO2

“…Both broad and weak vibrations on the spetra of original and modified nano-CaCO 3 at 3,448 cm 21 are assigned to O-H stretching [28]. In addition, there are two new peaks at 1,160 and 1,070 cm 21 and about 1,500 cm 21 circled in Fig. 3a and the stretching vibration of C-O at 1,390 cm 21 were not observed in the FTIR spetrum of the modified nano-CaCO 3 .…”

“…All operations were carried out at a heating rate of 15 C min 21 from 20 to 200 C under a nitrogen atmosphere. Later, the samples were nonisothermally crystallized at a cooling rate of 15 C min 21 and held for 5 min. After that, the melting temperature (T m ) was measured by raising the temperature to 200 C again at the rate of 15 C min 21 .…”

“…Later, the samples were nonisothermally crystallized at a cooling rate of 15 C min 21 and held for 5 min. After that, the melting temperature (T m ) was measured by raising the temperature to 200 C again at the rate of 15 C min 21 . The crystallinity was calculated from the integration of crystallization peak of the DSC thermogram and using the heat of fusion of 190 J g 21 for 100% crystalline PP using the following equation [25].…”

“…As a result, in this article, nano-CaCO 3 was used to improve the foamability of CF/PP composites because of two reasons: On the one hand, nano-CaCO 3 is very cheap and easy to be purchased; on the other hand, it has been proved an effective way to have more nucleation sites when it is added into PP [19]. In addition, combinations of inorganic nanoparticles and polymers have received a great deal of interest for the reason that they provide a means of improving the strength together with the toughness of the polymer matrix, which is almost impossible with conventional filled polymers [20][21][22]. The CF/PP/nano-CaCO 3 composites were prepared via melt compounding in torque rheometer followed by injection molding.…”

Sustainable waste management via incineration system: an Islamic outlook for conservation of the environment

“…On a different note, incineration has been categorized by [8] into 5 categories namelycombustion, pyrolysis, gasification, plasma decomposition and detonation. Notably, it is worthy to note that prior to 1970, incineration was associated with the scene of black smoke and the release of odorous gases.…”