An overview of the SMES ETM program: the Bechtel team's perspective

Loyd, R.J.; Walsh, T.E.; Kimmy, E.R.; Dick, B.E.

doi:10.1109/20.92598

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The active power control order has upper and lower current limits imposed (indicated by (1) in the diagram), to prevent rectification when 100% coil capacity is reached, and prevent further inversion when coil charge is at minimum level. The DC voltage is thus selected as the major controlled variable, and is cascaded with an active power outer control loop.…”

Section: Control System Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power Conversion for High Energy Storage

Arrillaga

Liu

Watson

et al. 2009

Self‐Commutating Converters for High Power Applications

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Very high current conversion is not restricted to industrial applications. Complications arising from greater penetration of photo-voltaic and wind generation, and increased diurnal load variability have seen renewed interest in large-scale electrical load-levelling technology, to remove the dependence on gas-fired peaking plant during high demand periods and to better utilize cheaper base load generation when demand is low.Load-levelling schemes utilizing pumped storage have been successful in over 150 installations worldwide, but with efficiencies as low as 60-70%, owing to the conversion to an intermediate medium for storage. Better efficiencies are reached with battery, flywheel and compressed air energy storage, though they currently lack the energy density necessary for levelling on a large scale.Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), a technology first proposed during the 1970s oil crisis to reduce the use of expensive oil peaking plant, uses a high-power AC/DC converter to store energy directly from the AC system in the magnetic field of a supercooled inductor. High energy density is made possible with large inductances, and extremely high DC currents (in excess of 100 kA); projected storage levels of 5000 MWh were reported at the time.Because the energy storage requires no change from one medium to another (other than AC/DC conversion), the SMES exhibits very low losses, with round trip efficiencies of 90-95%. The fast bidirectional operation of the converter permits power-flow direction change in a few cycles, which makes SMES technology suitable for improving voltage stability, providing spinning reserve and in short-duration very high-current applications, such as pulse lasers and fusion reactors.Early SMES designs had problems with limited converter controllability and involved coils with considerable civil complexity. Although some prototypes were designed [1] and Self-Commutating Converters for High Power Applications

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Section: Control System Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power Conversion for High Energy Storage

Arrillaga

Liu

Watson

et al. 2009

Self‐Commutating Converters for High Power Applications

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“…In this system, the total generation is 3258MW+j964MVAR and the total load is 3200MW+j1950MVAR. Four 250MVA, 100MW D-SMES [8] will be installed at the generator buses 101, 102, 206 and 211. The reason for using D-SMES rather than a concentrated SMES is to coordinate the UFGC locally.…”

Section: Analysis Of System Frequency Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordination of UFLS and UFGC by Application of D-SMES

Zhang

Liu

Crow³

IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2005

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In this paper, the authors studied the coordination of under frequency load shedding (UFLS) and under frequency governor control (UFGC) by applying the distributed superconducting magnetic energy storage (D-SMES) devices. The active power of D-SMES device is controlled to eliminate the initial rapid frequency drop and allow time for the full action of UFGC to take over. The reactive power of D-SMES is controlled to stabilize the local bus voltage. The research results show that D-SMES devices can damp the quick dropping of system frequency and hold it waiting for the full activation of system spinning reserve. D-SMES can help the governors output their maximum reserve before UFLS drops more load. Index Terms-system stability, spinning reserve, under frequency governor control, under frequency load shedding, distributed superconducting magnetic energy storage (D-SMES).

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