An Overview of the MATERHORN Fog Project: Observations and Predictability

Gültepe, Ismail; Fernando, Harindra J. S.; Pardyjak, Eric R.; Hoch, Sebastian W.; Silver, Z.; Creegan, E.; Leo, Laura S.; Pu, Zhaoxia; Wekker, Stephan F. J. De; Hang, Chaoxun

doi:10.1007/s00024-016-1374-0

Cited by 55 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Results suggest that fog droplet spectra generated with the pure water case were found similar to real fog measurements collected in field projects [16,[18][19][20]. These studies showed that fog droplet spectra had sizes from a few microns up to 30 µm, but occasionally, they reach up to 40-50 µm.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Investigations on the Influence of Chemical Compounds on Fog Microphysical Parameters

2020

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Lab experiments related to artificial fog studies are limited due to instrument sensitivity to small fog and aerosol particles; therefore, the goal of this work is to evaluate aerosol solute effects on fog physical properties in a lab environment. To reach the goal, an automated fog-generating system was designed and that includes controlled chemical compounds dissolved in pure water. In the analysis, the impact of changing the mass concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate—KH2PO4, urea-CO(NH2)2, and potassium hexacyanoferrate trihydrate-K3(Fe(CN)6) on fog droplet size spectra is studied, because visibility is directly related to fog droplet spectra and aerosol composition. In the experiment, various microphysical conditions, including fog droplet size and volume concentration, were analyzed as a function of changing aerosol composition/spectra and fixed thermodynamic conditions. The results showed that fog droplet size spectra vary with the addition of chemical impurities to the pure water volume. For example, increasing KH2PO4 concentration compared to distilled water volume resulted in a higher mean particle size, which led to faster droplet settlement, and that resulted in cleaning air more efficiently compared to pure water fog. Overall, both issues and challenges of the experimental fog generating system with respect to water and aerosol solutions resembling CRBN (chemical, radiological, biological, and nuclear agents) characteristics are provided and evaluated.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Investigations on the Influence of Chemical Compounds on Fog Microphysical Parameters

2020

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“…Fog is a serious problem in mountainous environments. Predicting precisely when and where it will form and dissipate still confounds the most advanced operational numerical models [93]. Snow on the ground can reduce visibility when lofted, transported, and deposited by wind that is often turbulent and directly influenced by land cover and topography.…”

Section: Transportationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meteorological Applications Benefiting from an Improved Understanding of Atmospheric Exchange Processes over Mountains

et al. 2018

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This paper reviews the benefits of a better understanding of atmospheric exchange processes over mountains. These processes affect weather and climate variables that are important in meteorological applications related to many scientific disciplines and sectors of the economy. We focus this review on examples of meteorological applications in hydrology, ecology, agriculture, urban planning, wind energy, transportation, air pollution, and climate change. These examples demonstrate the benefits of a more accurate knowledge of atmospheric exchange processes over mountains, including a better understanding of snow redistribution, microclimate, land-cover change, frost hazards, urban ventilation, wind gusts, road temperatures, air pollution, and the impacts of climate change. The examples show that continued research on atmospheric exchange processes over mountains is warranted, and that a recognition of the potential benefits can inspire new research directions. An awareness of the links between basic research topics and applications is important to the success and impact of new efforts that aim at better understanding atmospheric exchange processes over mountains. To maximize the benefits of future research for meteorological applications, coordinated international efforts involving scientists studying atmospheric exchange processes, as well as scientists and stakeholders representing many other scientific disciplines and economic sectors are required.

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“…In the past 30 years, more and more attention had been paid to the study of the microphysical characteristics of dense fog, and continuous progress had been made in the development and application of observation instruments of fog microphysical parameters. From the early "optical-electrical particle counter" and "three-purpose droplet spectrometer" to the widely used "FM-100" and "FM-120" fog monitor [5,6], the understanding of the microphysical characteristics of fog had been deepened. The formation of dense fog was accompanied by the broadening of the fog droplet size distribution in Alaska, USA [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fog Droplet Size Distribution and the Interaction between Fog Droplets and Fine Particles during Dense Fog in Tianjin, China

Liu

Wang

et al. 2020

Atmosphere

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From November 2016 to January 2017, there were large-scale dense fog processes in Tianjin area on the west coast of Bohai Bay, China, even strong dense fog with visibility less than 50 m occurred. Based on the observation data of fog droplet spectrum monitor, visibility sensor, environmental particle monitoring equipment and meteorological automatic station, the characteristics of fog droplet size distribution and the interaction between the fog droplets and fine particles during dense fog events were analyzed. The results show following characteristics: (1) The average concentration of fog droplets (Na), the average liquid water content (La) and the maximum liquid water content (Lmax) in the strong dense fog process are larger than those in the dense fog. The average spectrum of fog droplet size distribution conforms to Junge distribution, and they are all broad-spectrum fog with a spectrum width of about 45 μm. The average spectrum is similar to the dense fog of heavily industrialized inland in the world. (2) The maximum of fog droplet diameter during the formation stage have a good indication for the outbreak of strong dense fog. (3) The mass concentration of PM2.5 (CPM2.5) is ranged from 121–375 μg/m3, and the interaction between fog droplets and fine particles is analyzed. During the formation, development and maturity stages, fog process can scavenge atmospheric fine particles, and the scavenging efficiency of PM2.5 is more remarkable than PM10. When CPM2.5 does not exceed 350 μg/m3, the increase in the concentration of fine particles is conducive to the rapid growth of fog droplets and the sharp drop of visibility. However, when CPM2.5 exceeds the critical value, the increase has a negative feedback effect on the development of the fog process. More investigations and cases are necessary to fully assess the mechanisms related to the dense fog events in Tianjin area and further analysis will be done.

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An Overview of the MATERHORN Fog Project: Observations and Predictability

Cited by 55 publications

References 35 publications

Investigations on the Influence of Chemical Compounds on Fog Microphysical Parameters

Investigations on the Influence of Chemical Compounds on Fog Microphysical Parameters

Meteorological Applications Benefiting from an Improved Understanding of Atmospheric Exchange Processes over Mountains

Fog Droplet Size Distribution and the Interaction between Fog Droplets and Fine Particles during Dense Fog in Tianjin, China

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