An overview of the electrochemical reduction of oxygen at carbon-based modified electrodes

Šljukić, Biljana; Banks, Craig E.; Compton, Richard G.

doi:10.1007/bf03245775

Cited by 175 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(297 reference statements)

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“…The reaction mechanism of oxygen reduction is highly influenced by the electrode material leading a two-electron or direct four-electron process [35][36][37]. While hydrogen peroxide formation by two-electron reduction electrode process occurred on common electrodes [38,39], a direct four-electron reduction electrode process was only observed on some electrode surfaces [40][41][42] due to the high dissociation energy of single O-O bond.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen on bimetallic copper–gold nanoparticles–multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode in alkaline solution

Bakır

Şahin

Polat

et al. 2011

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen on bimetallic copper–gold nanoparticles–multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode in alkaline solution

Bakır

Şahin

Polat

et al. 2011

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry

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“…44,45 The two waves were also observed in the CV curves of the as-sputtered C film and the C films heated at all temperatures up to 1000°C ͑not shown here͒. These results suggest that the assputtered C film and the C films heated up to 1000°C are disordered, 42,46 which agrees with the XRD measurements on these films that show no clear Bragg peaks ͑not shown͒. The percentage of HO 2 − ͑% HO 2 − ͒ produced on the C film heat-treated at 800°C is about 60% between 0.60 and 0.05 V. Table III.…”

Section: Proof Copy [Jes-07-1182r] 069801jes Proof Copy [Jes-07-1182rmentioning

confidence: 66%

Final Report - Novel Approach to Non-Precious Metal Catalysts

Atanasoski¹

2007

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This project was directed at reducing the dependence of PEM fuel cell catalysts on precious metals. The primary motivation was to reduce the cost of the fuel cell stack as well as the overall system cost without loss of performance or durability. Platinum is currently the catalyst of choice for both the anode and the cathode. However, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) which takes place on the cathode is an inherently slower reaction compared to the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) which takes place on the anode. Therefore, more platinum is needed on the cathode than on the anode to achieve suitable fuel cell performance. As a result, developing a replacement for platinum on the cathode side will have a larger impact on overall stack cost.The drawbacks of using platinum as an ORR catalyst include its price, scarcity, and susceptibility to forming oxides at voltages of interest for efficient fuel cell operation. The price of platinum has more than doubled during the time period between the drafting of the proposal for this project and its completion. The monthly average price in the beginning of 2003 was $620/troy oz and the present price is $1450/troy oz. At these numbers and the 2010 DOE targets of 0.2 g Pt/kW and $30/kW, the cost of fuel cell stack would be over 30% due to platinum. Thus, the specific objectives of the project, as stated in the solicitation, were to produce non-precious metal (NPM) cathode catalysts which reduce dependence on precious metals (especially Pt), perform as well as conventional precious metal catalysts currently in use in MEAs, cost 50% less compared to a target of 0.2 g Pt/peak kW, and demonstrate durability of greater than 2000 hours with less than 10% power degradation. During the term of the project, DOE refined its targets for NPM catalyst activity to encompass volumetric current density. The DOE Multi-Year RD&D Plan (2005) volumetric current density targets for 2010 and 2015 are greater than 130 A/cm 3 and 300 A/cm 3 at 800 mV (IR-free) respectively.The initial approach to achieve these targets was to use vacuum deposition techniques to deposit transition metal, carbon and nitrogen moieties onto 3M's nanostructured thin film (NSTF) catalyst support. While this approach yielded compounds with similar physicochemical characteristics as catalysts reported by others as active for ORR, the activity of these vacuum deposited catalysts was not satisfactory. In order to enhance catalytic activity additional process steps were introduced, the most successful of which was a thermal treatment. To withstand high temperatures (~900 ºC), alternative supports to NSTF were introduced. A variety of carbon fabrics were tested for this purpose. Vacuum deposited materials were used as precursors and physicochemically transformed via thermal treatment to produce substantially better catalytic activity. This activity was further amplified by increasing the surface area of the carbon fabrics which lead to significant gains in fuel cell performance.iii The second synthetic approach was based on 3M...

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“…The presence of two reduction peaks indicates that the ORR undergoes two processes, both attributed to the two-electron reduction of O2 to HO2 − . It is believed that the ORR on GC is catalysed by the native quinone-type groups present on the GC surface [67][68][69]. However, it is important to note that for all studied materials, the current density values are higher as compared to that of bare GC (see Figure 5) indicating a better electrocatalytic activity for ORR on the graphene-based material, which is probably caused by a higher surface area of the catalyst materials.…”

Section: Oxygen Reduction Reaction On Graphene-based Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 87%

An Oxygen Reduction Study of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials of Different Origin

et al. 2016

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Abstract:The aim of this study is to compare the electrochemical behaviour of graphene-based materials of different origin, e.g., commercially available graphene nanosheets from two producers and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) using linear sweep voltammetry, rotating disc electrode and rotating ring-disc electrode methods. We also investigate the effect of catalyst ink preparation using two different solvents (2-propanol containing OH´ionomer or N,N-dimethylformamide) on the ORR. The graphene-based materials are characterised by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Clearly, the catalytic effect depends on the origin of graphene material and, interestingly, the electrocatalytic activity of the catalyst material for ORR is lower when using the OH´ionomer in electrode modification. The graphene electrodes fabricated with commercial graphene show better ORR performance than rGO in alkaline solution.

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An overview of the electrochemical reduction of oxygen at carbon-based modified electrodes

Abstract: We present an overview of the electrochemical reduction of oxygen in water, focussing on carbon-based and modified carbon electrodes. This process is of importance for gas sensing, in fuel cells and in the electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide.

Cited by 175 publications

References 120 publications

Electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen on bimetallic copper–gold nanoparticles–multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode in alkaline solution

Electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen on bimetallic copper–gold nanoparticles–multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode in alkaline solution

Final Report - Novel Approach to Non-Precious Metal Catalysts

An Oxygen Reduction Study of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials of Different Origin

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