An overview of the doping control analysis during the Olympic Games of 2004 in Athens, Greece

Tsivou, Maria; Kioukia‐Fougia, Nassia; Lyris, Emmanouil; Aggelis, Y.; Fragkaki, A.G.; Kiousi, Polyxeni; Simitsek, Ph.; Dimopoulou, Helen; Leontiou, I.-P.; Stamou, M.; Spyridaki, M.-H.; Georgakopoulos, Costas

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.068

Cited by 53 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Furthermore, the total analysis times could be reduced since off-line sample pretreatment steps such as LLE and SPE, which are usually necessary for urine analysis, were not required. Accordingly, this will be useful when the testing of a large quantity of samples is required within a predetermined period of time, as in doping tests for the Olympic games [52,53], or when the inspection time is limited by the law [54].…”

Section: Application To Urine Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct chiral analysis of primary amine drugs in human urine by single drop microextraction in‐line coupled to CE

et al. 2009

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Three-phase single drop microextraction (SDME) was in-line coupled to chiral CE of weakly basic amine compounds including amphetamine. SDME was used for the matrix isolation and sample preconcentration in order to directly analyze urine samples with the minimal pretreatment of adding NaOH. A small drop of an acidic aqueous acceptor phase covered with a thin layer of octanol was formed at the tip of a capillary by simple manipulation of the liquid handling functions of a commercial CE instrument. While the saline matrix of the urine sample was blocked by the octanol layer, the basic analytes in a basic aqueous donor phase were concentrated into the acidic acceptor drop through the octanol layer by the driving force of the pH difference between the two aqueous phases. The enantiomers of the enriched amines were resolved by using (+)-(18-crown-6)-tetracarboxylic acid as a chiral selector for the subsequent CE separation. From 10 min SDME with the agitation of the donor phase by a small stirrer retrofit to the CE instrument, enrichment factors were about a 1000-fold, yielding the LOD of 0.5 ng/mL for amphetamine. This low LOD value as well as the convenience of in-line coupled SDME make the proposed scheme well suited for the demanding chiral analysis of amphetamine-type stimulants.

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Section: Application To Urine Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct chiral analysis of primary amine drugs in human urine by single drop microextraction in‐line coupled to CE

et al. 2009

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“…Madol was included as a target substance in the methods used to detect anabolic steroids at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens [140]. These analyses did not result in an adverse analytical finding [140,141].…”

Section: Madolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism and excretion of anabolic steroids in doping control—New steroids and new insights

Eenoo

Delbeke

2006

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

107

114

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“…Urine yields itself to a non-invasive method of taking the biological material for analysis. However, the resulting increased testosterone levels in blood are connected with masculine behavior [80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89]. The ratio of testosterone to LH in plasma after doping with endogenous steroids (e.g., 250 mg of the testosterone ester preparation) grows, for example from 4.8 before the injection to 72 after the injection [80].…”

Section: Plasma/serum Steroids In Doping Controlmentioning

confidence: 97%

Plasma Steroid Level Measured Using Modern Separation Techniques as Biomarkers in Biological Diagnostics

Konieczna¹,

Bączek

2010

CPA

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During the last decade there has been an increased focus on the application of steroids as biomarkers in biomedical practice. The analysis of steroid hormones in biological samples of plasma or serum is currently routinely used in clinical diagnosis being an essential source of information on not only metabolic pathways, but also disorders of the metabolism. More importantly, the steroid hormones may reduce cancer development on the endocrinal basis, reveal abuse of anabolic substances, or even depression incidences. In the case of biomedical research, quantitative determination of steroids in serum or plasma creates an opportunity to diagnose diseases efficiently in their early stages and to monitor a patient for a possible recurrence of a disease after therapy. Therefore, an accurate measurement of steroids in the plasma or serum has become important for the contemporary medicine, even if troublesome especially in view of their low concentration in biological samples.The most common methods of steroid quantification in clinical practice nowadays include immunoassays such as radioimmunoassay or enzyme immunoassay. However, the main disadvantage of the immunoassay techniques consists in cross reactivity of the antibodies used in the assay with the related hormones. On the other hand, there is a number of applications where the analysis is performed with the use of modern separation techniques.The aim of this review is to present the development and applicability of the various analytical methods, all based on separation techniques and used for determination of steroids in the clinical laboratory, taking into account the recent progress in those areas. The review shows the advantages of high-performance liquid chromatography applied to determine non-volatile and thermally labile steroids and steroid conjugates. It also demonstrates that the currently used mass spectrometry offers practically useful structural information on the composition of steroids. A number of techniques and methods are compared and critically discussed pondering finally their specific analytical requirements like sensitivity, specificity, simplicity, limit of detection, and quantification. Nonetheless, plasma or serum sampling seems to remain one of the most convenient methods for population screening purposes.

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An overview of the doping control analysis during the Olympic Games of 2004 in Athens, Greece

Cited by 53 publications

References 10 publications

Direct chiral analysis of primary amine drugs in human urine by single drop microextraction in‐line coupled to CE

Direct chiral analysis of primary amine drugs in human urine by single drop microextraction in‐line coupled to CE

Metabolism and excretion of anabolic steroids in doping control—New steroids and new insights

Plasma Steroid Level Measured Using Modern Separation Techniques as Biomarkers in Biological Diagnostics

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