An Overview of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Lung

Aung, Htin; Sivakumar, Arunachalam; Gholami, S.; Venkateswaran, Sunil Pazhayanur; Gorain, Bapi; Shadab,

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815720-6.00001-0

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The scaling factor is set to represent the ratio of the total volume capacity (TLC) of the considered age group compared to the TLC of a grown-up. The TLC describes the ’maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold after a maximum inspiration’[ 1 ]. For adults, the TLC is taken to be as mentioned by Aung et al [ 1 ].…”

Section: Aerosol Deposition In Lungs Of Different Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The TLC describes the ’maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold after a maximum inspiration’[ 1 ]. For adults, the TLC is taken to be as mentioned by Aung et al [ 1 ]. To estimate the TLC of children, the relationship proposed by Lyons et al [ 24 ] is considered: where H is the height in cm and W is the mass in kg.…”

Section: Aerosol Deposition In Lungs Of Different Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The flow rates are estimated by taking the average breathing frequency of the considered age groups times the tidal volume (TV). The TV describes the ’volume of air that is breathed in and out in a single quiet breath’[ 1 ]. The average TV of a resting male adult is estimated as [ 30 ].…”

Section: Aerosol Deposition In Lungs Of Different Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can CFD establish a connection to a milder COVID-19 disease in younger people? Aerosol deposition in lungs of different age groups based on Lagrangian particle tracking in turbulent flow

et al. 2021

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To respond to the ongoing pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, this contribution deals with recently highlighted COVID-19 transmission through respiratory droplets in form of aerosols. Unlike other recent studies that focused on airborne transmission routes, this work addresses aerosol transport and deposition in a human respiratory tract. The contribution therefore conducts a computational study of aerosol deposition in digital replicas of human airways, which include the oral cavity, larynx and tracheobronchial airways down to the 12th generation of branching. Breathing through the oral cavity allows the air with aerosols to directly impact the larynx and tracheobronchial airways and can be viewed as one of the worst cases in terms of inhalation rate and aerosol load. The implemented computational model is based on Lagrangian particle tracking in Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes resolved turbulent flow. Within this framework, the effects of different flow rates, particle diameters and lung sizes are investigated to enable new insights into local particle deposition behavior and therefore virus loads among selected age groups. We identify a signicant increase of aerosol deposition in the upper airways and thus a strong reduction of virus load in the lower airways for younger individuals. Based on our findings, we propose a possible relation between the younger age related fluid mechanical protection of the lower lung regions due to the airway size and a reduced risk of developing a severe respiratory illness originating from COVID-19 airborne transmission.

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Section: Aerosol Deposition In Lungs Of Different Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aerosol Deposition In Lungs Of Different Age Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Can CFD establish a connection to a milder COVID-19 disease in younger people? Aerosol deposition in lungs of different age groups based on Lagrangian particle tracking in turbulent flow

et al. 2021

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“…The surface of the lungs is covered by two thin protective membranes, the parietal and visceral pleura. There is a space in between the two protective membranes known as the pleural cavity, which consists of lubricating fluid that helps to reduce the friction produced when the two protective membranes slide over each other during respiration [ 27 ]. In each lung, the bronchi are branched into smaller bronchioles, which end in tiny air sacs, called alveoli.…”

Section: Anatomy and Physiology Of The Lungsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intrathoracic pressure becomes higher than the atmospheric pressure as a result of decrease in the volume of thoracic and lung, causes the air to flow out to the atmosphere. In contrast, deep breathing is an active process as it requires more forceful contractions of the expiratory muscles such as diaphragm, intercostal muscle and the abdominal wall muscles to produce larger changes in the thoracic volume [ 27 , 29 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Anatomy and Physiology Of The Lungsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

et al. 2020

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects human lungs. The progression of drug-susceptible TB to drug-resistant strains, MDR-TB and XDR-TB, has become worldwide challenge in eliminating TB. The limitations of conventional TB treatment including frequent dosing and prolonged treatment, which results in patient’s noncompliance to the treatment because of treatment-related adverse effects. The non-invasive pulmonary drug administration provides the advantages of targeted-site delivery and avoids first-pass metabolism, which reduced the dose requirement and systemic adverse effects of the therapeutics. With the modification of the drugs with advanced carriers, the formulations may possess sustained released property, which helps in reducing the dosing frequency and enhanced patients’ compliances. The dry powder inhaler formulation is easy to handle and storage as it is relatively stable compared to liquids and suspension. This review mainly highlights the aerosolization properties of dry powder inhalable formulations with different anti-TB agents to understand and estimate the deposition manner of the drug in the lungs. Moreover, the safety profile of the novel dry powder inhaler formulations has been discussed. The results of the studies demonstrated that dry powder inhaler formulation has the potential in enhancing treatment efficacy.

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Tumor-on-chip modeling of organ-specific cancer and metastasis

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Shirure

et al. 2021

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

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An Overview of the Anatomy and Physiology of the Lung

Cited by 11 publications

References 12 publications

Can CFD establish a connection to a milder COVID-19 disease in younger people? Aerosol deposition in lungs of different age groups based on Lagrangian particle tracking in turbulent flow

Can CFD establish a connection to a milder COVID-19 disease in younger people? Aerosol deposition in lungs of different age groups based on Lagrangian particle tracking in turbulent flow

Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Tumor-on-chip modeling of organ-specific cancer and metastasis

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