An overview of the 1995 SWARM shallow-water internal wave acoustic scattering experiment

Apel, John R.; Badiey, Mohsen; Chiu, Ching‐Sang; Finette, Steven; Headrick, Robert H.; Kemp, John N.; Lynch, James F.; Newhall, Arthur E.; Orr, Marshall H.; Pasewark, Bruce H.; Tielbuerger, Dirk; Turgut, Altan; Heydt, Keith von der; Wolf, Stephen N.

doi:10.1109/48.611138

Cited by 244 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The waves over the New England shelf, e.g., [23], [24] are similar to the ECS shelf break waves but even smaller and weaker. Soliton amplitudes were order 10 m in 70 m depth in the SWARM region [23] and 15-30 in the Shelfbreak PRIMER experiment [24].…”

Section: Comparison With Other Locationsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Soliton amplitudes were order 10 m in 70 m depth in the SWARM region [23] and 15-30 in the Shelfbreak PRIMER experiment [24]. Typical periods in both experiments were order 15 min or less indicating local generation processes.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Locationsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Continuous stratification has been included in the problem by decomposing the particle velocities (u, v, and w) and wave displacements into a linear combination of vertical modes [23], [26], [32]. Recently, other lesser-known solutions to the KdV equation have been pursued (cnoidal and dnoidal) which produce many of the observed characteristics of solitary wave packets much better than the solution [23], [33]. The dnoidal solution, for instance, reproduces the rank-ordered nature of the wave packets and the trailing thermocline depression they leave behind.…”

Section: E Internal Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal Solitons in the Northeastern South China Sea Part I: Sources and Deep Water Propagation

Ramp

Tang²,

Duda³

et al. 2004

IEEE J. Oceanic Eng.

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340

321

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Abstract-A moored array of current, temperature, conductivity, and pressure sensors was deployed across the Chinese continental shelf and slope in support of the Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment. The goal of the observations was to quantify the water column variability in order to understand the along-and across-shore low-frequency acoustic propagation in shallow water. The moorings were deployed from April 21-May 19, 2001 and sampled at 1-5 min intervals to capture the full range of temporal variability without aliasing the internal wave field. The dominant oceanographic signal by far was in fact the highly nonlinear internal waves (or solitons) which were generated near the Batan Islands in the Luzon Strait and propagated 485 km across deep water to the observation region. Dubbed trans-basin waves, to distinguish them from other, smaller nonlinear waves generated locally near the shelf break, these waves had amplitudes ranging from 29 to greater than 140 m and were among the largest such waves ever observed in the world's oceans. The waves arrived at the most offshore mooring in two clusters lasting 7-8 days each separated by five days when no waves were observed. Within each cluster, two types of waves arrived which have been named type-a and type-b. The type-a waves had greater amplitude than the type-b waves and arrived with remarkable regularity at the same time each day, 24 h apart. The type-b waves were weaker than the type-a waves, arrived an hour later each day, and generally consisted of a single soliton growing out of the center of the wave packet. Comparison with modeled barotropic tides from the generation region revealed that: 1) The two clusters were generated around the time of the spring tides in the Luzon strait; and 2) The type-a waves were generated on the strong side of the diurnal inequality while the type-b waves were generated on the weaker beat. The position of the Kuroshio intrusion into the Luzon Strait may modulate the strength of the waves being produced. As the waves shoaled, the huge lead solitons first split into two solitons then merged together into a broad region of thermocline depression at depths less than 120 m. Elevation waves sprang up behind them as they continued to propagate onshore. The elevation waves also grew out of regions where the locally-generated internal tide forced the main thermocline down near the bottom. The "critical T. Y. Tang is with the Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, ROC.H. point" where the upper and lower layers were equal was a good indicator of when the depression or elevation waves would form, however this was not a static point, but rather varied in both space and time according to the presence or absence of the internal tides and the incoming trans-basin waves themselves.

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Section: Comparison With Other Locationsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Comparison With Other Locationsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: E Internal Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal Solitons in the Northeastern South China Sea Part I: Sources and Deep Water Propagation

Ramp

Tang²,

Duda³

et al. 2004

IEEE J. Oceanic Eng.

Self Cite

340

321

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show abstract

“…Guo and Chen 2014). The characteristics and dynamics of ISWs have been studied based on in situ observations at a variety of locations in the northern SCS (Apel et al 1997;Klymak et al 2011;Fu et al 2012;Guo et al 2012). Their geographic distributions have been revealed by analysis of SAR as well as MODIS true-colour images (Zhao et al 2004;Zheng et al 2007;Li, Zhao, and Pichel 2008;Li, Jackson, and Pichel 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation sites of internal solitary waves in the southern Taiwan Strait revealed by MODIS true-colour image observations

Bai

Liu

et al. 2014

International Journal of Remote Sensing

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“…In the Mid-Atlantic Bight, in situ measurements and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery show that packets of highfrequency nonlinear internal waves are generated near the shelfbreak during stratified conditions (late spring to early fall) and tend to propagate onshelf [Apel et al, 1995[Apel et al, , 1997 The summer Shelfbreak Primer study was conducted during July 26 to August 5, 1996. It featured rapid repeat mapping of the frontal region with a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and SeaSoar, a towed undulating conductivity-temperature-depth profiler (CTD), plus the deployment of a seven-element moored array (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of nonlinear internal waves on the outer New England continental shelf during the summer Shelfbreak Primer study

Colosi¹,

Beardsley²,

Lynch³

et al. 2001

J. Geophys. Res.

114

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An overview of the 1995 SWARM shallow-water internal wave acoustic scattering experiment

Cited by 244 publications

References 37 publications

Internal Solitons in the Northeastern South China Sea Part I: Sources and Deep Water Propagation

Internal Solitons in the Northeastern South China Sea Part I: Sources and Deep Water Propagation

Generation sites of internal solitary waves in the southern Taiwan Strait revealed by MODIS true-colour image observations

Observations of nonlinear internal waves on the outer New England continental shelf during the summer Shelfbreak Primer study

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