An overview of technologies for immobilization of enzymes and surface analysis techniques for immobilized enzymes

Abstract

The current demands of sustainable green methodologies have increased the use of enzymatic technology in industrial processes. Employment of enzyme as biocatalysts offers the benefits of mild reaction conditions, biodegradability and catalytic efficiency. The harsh conditions of industrial processes, however, increase propensity of enzyme destabilization, shortening their industrial lifespan. Consequently, the technology of enzyme immobilization provides an effective means to circumvent these concerns by enhancing enzyme catalytic properties and also simplify downstream processing and improve operational stability. There are several techniques used to immobilize the enzymes onto supports which range from reversible physical adsorption and ionic linkages, to the irreversible stable covalent bonds. Such techniques produce immobilized enzymes of varying stability due to changes in the surface microenvironment and degree of multipoint attachment. Hence, it is mandatory to obtain information about the structure of the enzyme protein following interaction with the support surface as well as interactions of the enzymes with other proteins. Characterization technologies at the nanoscale level to study enzymes immobilized on surfaces are crucial to obtain valuable qualitative and quantitative information, including morphological visualization of the immobilized enzymes. These technologies are pertinent to assess efficacy of an immobilization technique and development of future enzyme immobilization strategies.

Modelling and optimization ofCandida rugosananobioconjugates catalysed synthesis of methyl oleate by response surface methodology

“…The CRL-MWCNTs were lyophilized overnight and stored at 4 C until further use. [23,24] Determination of the protein concentration…”

Modulating the Partitioning of Microparticles in a Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Dextran (DEX) Aqueous Biphasic System by Surface Modification

“…Characterization of surface chemical modification about micro/nanoparticles has been reviewed by many researchers [1,15,16]. We chose FT-IR microscopy [5] mainly because of its simplicity and minimal amount of sample needed, compared to other known methods.…”

Stability Improvement of Immobilized a-amylase using Nano Pore Zeolite

“…Binding efficiency % = (2) Determining the binding efficiency, it was found that 58.44% of the immobilized protein has maintained its native activity.…”