An overview of quantitative approaches in Gestalt perception

Jäkel, Frank; Singh, Manish; Wichmann, Felix A.; Herzog, Michael H.

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2016.06.004

Cited by 65 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…In the current case, the direction of TI could be described by the second-740 order orientation (see Dakin, Williams, & Hess, 1999;Smith, Clifford, & Wenderoth, 2001;Wei, Zhou, & Chen, 2018). Possibly, in competition between first and second-order orientations, the TI follows the higher order orientation, consistent with the Gestalt approach to visual perception (Herzog, Thunell, & Ögmen, 2016;Jäkel, Singh, Wichmann, & Herzog, 2016). (An alternative account is that both first and second order orientations receive a fixed weight, but that the "direct effect" from the second-order orientation is stronger than the "indirect effect" from the first-order orientation even when tested with a first-order target (see Smith et al, 2001.))…”

supporting

confidence: 71%

Interaction of contexts in context-dependent orientation estimation

Dekel

Sagi

2019

Preprint

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The processing of a visual stimulus is known to be influenced by the statistics in recent visual history and by the stimulus' visual surround. Such contextual influences lead to perceptually salient phenomena, such as the tilt aftereffect and the tilt illusion. Despite much research on the influence of an isolated context, it is not clear how multiple, possibly competing sources of contextual influence interact. Here, 10 using psychophysical methods, we compared the combined influence of multiple contexts to the sum of the isolated context influences. The results showed large deviations from linear additivity for adjacent or overlapping contexts, and remarkably, clear additivity when the contexts were sufficiently segregated.Specifically, for adjacent or overlapping contexts, the combined effect was often lower than the sum of the isolated component effects (sub-additivity), or was more influenced by one component than another 15 (selection). For contexts that were segregated in time (600 ms), the combined effect measured the exact sum of the isolated component effects (in degrees of bias). These results imply that the "encoding" of the context is a compressive non-linear transformation, followed by a non-linear selection, manifested by strong interactions between the encoded components. For selected encoded representations, the contextual influence is a linear sum of the individual effects, as predicted from a theory of optimally 20 combining reference cues.

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supporting

confidence: 71%

Interaction of contexts in context-dependent orientation estimation

Dekel

Sagi

2019

Preprint

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“…The model has some common points with Gestalt psychology. 31 This theory states that the human mind perceives objects as a whole or a form (Gestalt) and not as the simple sum of their constitutive parts. The whole has its own independent existence.…”

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confidence: 99%

“Memory of Water” Experiments Explained with No Role Assigned to Water: Pattern Expectation after Classical Conditioning of the Experimenter

Beauvais¹

2020

Preprint

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The “memory of water” experiments suggested the existence of molecular-like effects without molecules. Although no convincing evidence of modifications of water – specific of biologically-active molecules – has been reported up to now, consistent changes of biological systems were nevertheless recorded. We propose an alternate explanation based on classical conditioning of the experimenter. Using a probabilistic model, we describe not only the biological system, but also the experimenter engaged in an elementary dose-response experiment. We assume that during conventional experiments involving genuine biologically-active molecules, the experimenter is involuntarily conditioned to expect a pattern, namely a relationship between descriptions (or “labels”) of experimental conditions and corresponding biological system states. The model predicts that the conditioned experimenter could continue to record the learned pattern even in the absence of the initial cause, namely the biologically-active molecules. The phenomenon is self-sustained because the observation of the expected pattern reinforces the initial conditioning. A necessary requirement is the use of a system submitted to random fluctuations with autocorrelated successive states (no forced return to the initial position). The relationship recorded by the conditioned experimenter is, however, not causal in this model because blind experiments with an “outside” supervisor lead to a loss of correlations (i.e., system states randomly associated to “labels”). In conclusion, this psychophysical model allows explaining the results of “memory of water” experiments without referring to water or another local cause. It could be extended to other scientific fields in biology, medicine and psychology when suspecting an experimenter effect.

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“…Los métodos estadísticos para el estudio de la variación morfológica de los caracteres taxonómicos han estado disponibles durante muchos años (Jeffers, 1967). Sin embargo, los métodos de trabajo básicos de los sistemáticos han dependido de impresiones "Gestalt" (Jäkel et al, 2016) para las comparaciones cualitativas de las características (Poe y Wiens, 2000;Rieppel y Kearney, 2007). Obviamente no toda la variación es cuantificable, como la presencia/ausencia de estructuras.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Integrando análisis morfométricos y filogenéticos: de la sistemática fenética a la morfometría filogenética

Luna

2020

Acta Bot. Mex.

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Resumen:Antecedentes y Objetivos: Se han acumulado métodos cuantitativos para el uso de mediciones lineales y coordenadas Cartesianas de puntos en análisis de la variación morfométrica. A diferencia de revisiones previas, aquí se enfatizan las bases teóricas de los espacios matemáticos y del morfoespacio de un carácter taxonómico. El objetivo de esta revisión es suministrar elementos conceptuales para una comprensión básica de los métodos morfométricos y estadísticos útiles en la sistemática bajo un enfoque filogenético.Métodos: Los datos morfométricos se están aplicando en estudios de biología comparativa, usando las filogenias como referencia. En contraste, las aplicaciones de la morfometría en sistemática han sido con el objetivo de agrupar y distinguir grupos taxonómicos fenéticamente con la similitud total. Bajo un enfoque filogenético, los datos morfométricos también se pueden usar para el estudio de la variación de caracteres taxonómicos, la identidad de los estados y la inferencia de filogenias. Los grupos taxonómicos debieran ser propuestos a partir de grupos monofiléticos descubiertos con métodos filogenéticos.Resultados clave: Se presentan las bases de la teoría de la morfometría, geometría vectorial, el espacio de Kendall, la distancia Procrustes, proyección de espacios tangenciales y construcción de hipercubos del morfoespacio. Se revisan conceptos estadísticos útiles para la aplicación de los Análisis de Componentes Principales y los Análisis de Variables Canónicas en sistemática. Particularmente se dan recomendaciones y ejemplos sobre el uso de mediciones lineales y coordenadas de puntos en análisis morfométricos para la identificación de especies, la variación de caracteres taxonómicos y en la inferencia de filogenias y clasificación.Conclusiones: El amplio acervo actual de métodos brinda la oportunidad de integrar los datos morfométricos para descubrir homología táxica y homología transformacional. Esto implica un cambio epistemológico necesario para transitar de aplicaciones bajo una sistemática fenética, a la integración de los análisis morfométricos como parte de la investigación filogenética.

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An overview of quantitative approaches in Gestalt perception

Cited by 65 publications

References 52 publications

Interaction of contexts in context-dependent orientation estimation

Interaction of contexts in context-dependent orientation estimation

“Memory of Water” Experiments Explained with No Role Assigned to Water: Pattern Expectation after Classical Conditioning of the Experimenter

Integrando análisis morfométricos y filogenéticos: de la sistemática fenética a la morfometría filogenética

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