An overview of quantification methods in energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis

Markowicz, A.

doi:10.1007/s12043-011-0045-z

Cited by 51 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…XRF measurements are influenced by the moisture content of the sample, particle size, and surface irregularities. Also, x-rays penetrate only 10-1000 mm into a sample (Markowicz, 2011) and therefore only a very limited subsection of the sample is included in the analysis. These factors result in inconsistent concentration measurements conducted in situ or on samples that have not been dried and homogenized.…”

Section: Comparison Of Xrf and Cvaas For Mercury Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of soils from an industrial complex contaminated with elemental mercury

Miller

Watson

Lester

et al. 2013

Environmental Research

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Section: Comparison Of Xrf and Cvaas For Mercury Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of soils from an industrial complex contaminated with elemental mercury

Miller

Watson

Lester

et al. 2013

Environmental Research

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“…EDX analysis is considered a semi-quantitative analysis since some analytical variables, such as critical penetration depth and detection limit might affect the results. Particle size, surface irregularity and moisture content on the samples might also affect the variability of the results (Markowicz 2011).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drying cellulose-based materials containing copper nanoparticles

et al. 2015

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Carboxymethyl cellulose and TEMPO nanofibrillated cellulose were used as substrates to synthesize copper nanoparticles from copper sulfate and they were subsequently dried using spray-, freezeand modified freeze-drying processes. Morphological characterization, particle size distribution, copper quantification and the oxidation state of copper were evaluated. The morphology and the size distribution of the dried particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; particle size distribution was evaluated using laser diffraction; copper content was determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy; and finally, the oxidation state of copper was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Plate-like structures of cellulose and cellulose-copper nanoparticles were formed after the freeze-drying process, with length and width over hundreds of microns. Most of the spray dried particles exhibited spherical shapes with the particle size ranging from around 300 nm to several microns. The spray drying process caused more copper loss compared with freeze drying, most probably because of the additional steps required to perform the spray drying. XPS results showed that the state of oxidation of the final dried material depends on the specific substrate. CMC surfaces exhibit mostly Cu 0 and/or Cu ? . On the contrary TNFC surfaces present mostly Cu 2? . Solvent exchange process using ethanol and butanol creates more porous structures on the CMC substrates. A solvent exchange process using ethanol and tertbutanol sequence facilitates the formation of a more porous structure on TEMPO nanofibrillated cellulose.

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“…For the intermediate-sample approach, the mass per unit area of the ith element can be determined taking into account the radiation loss due to self-absorption by incorporating the transmission coefficient [16,22,30] :…”

Section: Classification Of Samples In Xrfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[22] However, the problem arises once the sample is considered intermediate (sample mass per unit area somewhere in between thick-and thin-sample approximation), which requires a priori knowledge of the organic matrix in a sample. [16] In addition, as the energies of characteristic X-ray radiation vary for different elements, for high-Z elements, the sample can usually be considered thin while for the other intermediate/thick.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[16] The computations of cumbersome sample selfabsorption coefficients usually need a series of assumptions on the elemental composition of the organic matrix, which is not usually readily available and therefore must be assumed. [16,22] Recent studies show that brain structures differ in the amount of water, although the percentage characteristics of their organic matrix remain almost the same. [23] In addition to this issue, it is suggested that metabolic changes underlying obesity may also alter natural abundance of water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Data quantification procedures for a bench‐top elemental microimaging of brain specimens for the clinical studies on the obesity treatment by transcranial direct current brain stimulation

et al. 2017

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A decision on how to choose the appropriate data quantification procedure lies behind the most serious methodological challenges in microbeam X-ray fluorescence imaging of tissue slices. This problem becomes particularly cumbersome whenever intermediate thickness samples must be utilized in order to increase the signal to noise ratio. Noteworthy, it is always the case when laboratory-based X-ray sources are used, which arises from their relatively limited beam flux. In our study, we put particular attention to the quantitative elemental microanalysis of dried brain tissue samples taken from the obese rats treated by the transcranial direct current stimulation. For doing so, we took advantage of tissue probing by an X-ray microscope system for accessing P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn in the brain structures triggering food intake and appetite regulation. Proper data quantification schemes are presented by showing the elements whereby the radiation loss by self-absorption of fluorescence radiation is negligible. The impact of sample self-absorption correction on quantitative data is studied for the brain structures with various water fraction spanning from 75-83%. It is demonstrated that K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn can effectively be quantified by the thin-sample approach, regardless sample matrix. Quantitative results demonstrate that the clinical efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation is linked to significant changes in surface masses of elements triggering brain membrane currents: K, Cl, and also, those defining the redox state: Fe in the hunger center.

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An overview of quantification methods in energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis

Cited by 51 publications

References 25 publications

Characterization of soils from an industrial complex contaminated with elemental mercury

Characterization of soils from an industrial complex contaminated with elemental mercury

Drying cellulose-based materials containing copper nanoparticles

Data quantification procedures for a bench‐top elemental microimaging of brain specimens for the clinical studies on the obesity treatment by transcranial direct current brain stimulation

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