An Overview of Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Abstract

Oxidative stress has been linked with a variety of diseases, being involved in the debut and/or progress of several neurodegenerative disorders. This review intends to summarize some of the findings that correlate the overproduction of reactive oxygen species with the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Oxidative stress was also noted to modify the inflammatory response. Even though oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are two totally different pathological events, they are linked and affect one another. Nonetheless, there are still several mechanisms that need to be understood regarding the onset and the progress of neurodegenerative diseases in order to develop efficient therapies. As antioxidants are a means to alter oxidative stress and slow down the symptoms of these neurodegenerative diseases, the most common antioxidants, enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic, have been mentioned in this paper as therapeutic options for the discussed disorders.

The BDNF–TrkB–CREB Signalling Pathway Is Involved in Bisphenol S-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male Mice by Regulating Methylation

“…BPS could also damage the mitochondrial membrane potential, lead to oxidative stress and decrease the expression of BDNF in SK-N-SH cells [ 14 ]. Oxidative stress has been involved in the debut and/or progress of several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease [ 31 , 32 ]. The BDNF–TrkB–CREB signalling pathway mediates a variety of neuronal events and plays an important role in maintaining normal brain function [ 33 ], and this signalling pathway may be involved in hippocampal neural stem cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, and affect cognitive function [ 34 ].…”

Inorganic Nanomaterials versus Polymer-Based Nanoparticles for Overcoming Neurodegeneration

“…Neuroinflammation is primarily triggered by microglia activation. Microglial cells are particularly responsive in the presence of imbalances in the brain homeostasis [ 26 ]. The characteristic late onset of most neurodegenerative disorders is highly associated with age, affecting the structure and functions of the BBB [ 22 ] and contributing to mitochondrial DNA mutations and redox dysregulation, thus leading to oxidative stress [ 25 ].…”

“…Bacopa monnieri, well-known as Brahmi, is a water plant that contains two saponins, named bacoside-A and bacoside-B; in particular, bacoside-A considerably enhances memory acquisition, consolidation, and memory retention [130]. The neuroprotective role of Brahmi plant extract was studied against both Aβ (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) protein and glutamate-induced neurotoxicity by evaluating its effects on primary cortical culture neurons. As a result of these experiments, the extract showed a neuroprotective effect against Aβ-induced cell death but failed in its protective action against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity [141].…”

Micro- and Nanosized Carriers for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery in Neurodegenerative Disorders

“…Among all NDs, Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the most common, usually characterized by neuroinflammation, intracellular α-synuclein (α-syn) deposition, iron accumulation, increased oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, etc. [ 4 ]. All these processes lead to neuronal damage and disrupt mobility, coordination, strength, sensation, and cognition [ 5 , 6 ].…”