An Overview of Millimeter Wave Communications for Military Applications

Bains, A.S.

doi:10.14429/dsj.43.4492

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Humans are increasingly exposed to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic energy above 6 GHz from many different sources, such as military usage [Bains, 1993], automotive radar [Hasch et al, 2012], airport scanners [Scheen et al, 2001], and millimeter wave therapy [Rojavin and Ziskin, 1998]. Newly developed 5G mobile communication systems will significantly add to this exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue models for RF exposure evaluation at frequencies above 6 GHz

Ziskin

Алексеев

Foster

et al. 2018

Bioelectromagnetics

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Exposures to radiofrequency (RF) energy above 6 GHz are characterized by shallow energy penetration, typically limited to the skin, but the subsequent increase in skin temperature is largely determined by heat transport in subcutaneous layers. A detailed analysis of the energy reflection, absorption, and power density distribution requires a knowledge of the properties of the skin layers and their variations. We consider an anatomically detailed model consisting of 3 or 4 layers (stratum corneum, viable epidermis plus dermis, subcutaneous fat, and muscle). The distribution of absorbed power in the different tissue layers is estimated based on electrical properties of the tissue layers inferred from measurements of reflected millimeter wavelength energy from skin, and literature data for the electrical properties of fat and muscle. In addition, the thermal response of the model is obtained using Pennes bioheat equation as well as a modified version incorporating blood flow rate-dependent thermal conductivity that provides a good fit to experimentally-found temperature elevations. A greatly simplified 3-layer model (Dermis, Fat, and Muscle) that assumes surface heating in only the skin layer clarifies the contribution of different tissue layers to the increase in surface skin temperature. The model shows that the increase in surface temperature is, under many circumstances, determined by the thermal resistance of subcutaneous tissues even though the RF energy may be deposited almost entirely in the skin layer. The limits of validity of the models and their relevance to setting safety standards are briefly discussed. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:173-189, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue models for RF exposure evaluation at frequencies above 6 GHz

Ziskin

Алексеев

Foster

et al. 2018

Bioelectromagnetics

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“…TheseMMWsheattheskinofthetargetpersonandcanraisethetemperatureofthebodyupto 55 ᵒ Ccausinganunbearablepain.Thepainendsonlywhenthetargetpersonmovesawayfrom suchsystemthusitcanprovetobeanimportanttooltodispersecrowd. • Communication Applications:Theseincludemantoman,mantoequipmentandequipment to equipment communication (Bains, 1993). MMW based directional or omnidirectional communicationsystemcanbefittedonhelmetsofsoldiersoperatingatvariouskilometersfor communicationpurposes.Inthesameway,inmantoequipmentcommunicationapplications, MMWradiocanbemountedonsoldier'shelmettodetecttheequipmentscovertlydeployed inbattlefield.Similarlyinequipmenttoequipmentcommunicationapplications,MMWlinks canreplacethewiredlinkswhileprovidingthesimilarorbettersortofserviceslikedatarate andsecurity.…”

Section: Military Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Millimeter Wave Communication Networks

Farooq

Rather

2021

International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology

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Millimeter wave (MMW) communication is a key technology to support the high data rate requirements of next generation networks and cope up the spectrum scarcity and capacity limitations of current wireless systems and hence enable a plethora of applications. However, this technology is in its initial development stage, and there are various technical challenges in its practical implementation that need to be addressed before its successful deployment. This paper reviews the state of the art in MMW communications and provides in-depth detail of the basic propagation characteristics of MMWs in different operation scenarios. The paper also analyses the various technical challenges of MMW communication networks envisaged in its implementation and highlights the design choices proposed so far to address these challenges. Finally, some of the potential applications of MMW communications that may emerge in the near future are also discussed.

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“…This led to the development of short-range Gbps point-to-point links and wireless network standards [51]. As with OWC, military applications were developed over a similar time period [52], recognizing the potential benefits of increased bandwidth, sophisticated antennas, greater directionality, and reduced size compared to traditional microwave links.…”

Section: Brief Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Wireless and Millimeter Waves for 5G Access Networks

Leeson¹,

Higgins²

2019

The Fifth Generation (5G) of Wireless Communication

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Growing bandwidth demands are driving the search for increased network capacity leading to the exploration of new wavelength ranges for future communication systems. Therefore, we consider two technologies that offer increased transmission bandwidths by virtue of their high carrier frequencies, namely optical wireless and millimeter-wave transmission. After highlighting the relevant electromagnetic (EM) spectrum region, we briefly describe the applications and properties of each approach coupled with a short history of their development. This is followed by a performance comparison in two possible 5G links: outdoor point-to-point and indoor hotspots. We find that in both cases, there are regions where optical wireless communications (OWC) are better, but others where millimeter waves are to be preferred. Specifically, the former outperforms the latter over distances up to approximately 50 meters outdoors and a 10-meter hotspot radius indoors.

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An Overview of Millimeter Wave Communications for Military Applications

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Tissue models for RF exposure evaluation at frequencies above 6 GHz

Tissue models for RF exposure evaluation at frequencies above 6 GHz

Millimeter Wave Communication Networks

Optical Wireless and Millimeter Waves for 5G Access Networks

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