An Overview of Metal‐Organic Framework Based Electrocatalysts: Design and Synthesis for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution, Oxygen Evolution, and Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reactions

Abstract

Due to the increasing global energy demands, scarce fossil fuel supplies, and environmental issues, the pursued goals of energy technologies are being sustainable, more efficient, accessible, and produce near zero greenhouse gas emissions. Electrochemical water splitting is considered as a highly viable and eco‐friendly energy technology. Further, electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a cleaner strategy for CO2 utilization and conversion to stable energy (fuels). One of the critical issues in these cleaner technologies is the development of efficient and economical electrocatalyst. Among various materials, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are becoming increasingly popular because of their structural tunability, such as pre‐ and post‐ synthetic modifications, flexibility in ligand design and its functional groups, and incorporation of different metal nodes, that allows for the design of suitable MOFs with desired quality required for each process. In this review, the design of MOF was discussed for specific process together with different synthetic methods and their effects on the MOF properties. The MOFs as electrocatalysts were highlighted with their performances from the aspects of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and electrochemical CO2RR. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in this field are discussed.

Facile synthesis of CeO2-decorated W@Co-MOF heterostructures as a highly active and durable electrocatalyst for overall water splitting

“…11,12 MOFs offer many benefits such as extensive specific surface areas, remarkable structural diversity, ultralow mass density, and rich pore structures, for which MOFs have attracted considerable attention in a wide range of applications particularly for electrochemical water splitting. 13–17 However, pristine MOFs as bifunctional electrocatalysts have the disadvantages of mediocre stability and limitations of the catalytic activity due to their insufficient conductivity. Taking these considerations into mind, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the effective modulation of MOFs to improve their electrocatalytic activity, such as metal doping, heterostructure construction, morphology design, defect engineering, and hybridization of conductive functional materials.…”