An Overview of Important Enzymes Involved in Nitrogen Assimilation of Plants

Reddy, Kiran K.; Bulle, Mallesham; Wany, Aakanksha; Gupta, Kapuganti Jagadis

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9790-9_1

Cited by 49 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Metabolic processes involving NADH-gdh mainly occur in the roots [ 74 ]. In the dark or under stresses, a reversible reaction will occur to provide a carbon framework for the tricarboxylic acid cycle [ 75 ], which indicates that GDH is an intermediate of carbon/nitrogen metabolism and is closely related to the environment. In the urea reduction treatments, the GDH activity in the very fine roots increased significantly but that in the fine roots did not change much.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar induced improvement in root system architecture enhances nutrient assimilation by cotton plant seedlings

et al. 2021

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Background Raising nitrogen use efficiency of crops by improving root system architecture is highly essential not only to reduce costs of agricultural production but also to mitigate climate change. The physiological mechanisms of how biochar affects nitrogen assimilation by crop seedlings have not been well elucidated. Results Here, we report changes in root system architecture, activities of the key enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation, and cytokinin (CTK) at the seedling stage of cotton with reduced urea usage and biochar application at different soil layers (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm). Active root absorption area, fresh weight, and nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased significantly when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied in the surface soil layer. Glutamine oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT) activity was closely related to the application depth of urea/biochar, and it increased when urea/biochar was applied in the 0–10 cm layer. Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity (GPT) increased significantly as well. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity was stimulated by CTK in the very fine roots but inhibited in the fine roots. In addition, AMT1;1, gdh3, and gdh2 were significantly up-regulated in the very fine roots when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied. Conclusion Nitrogen assimilation efficiency was significantly affected when urea usage was reduced by 25% and biochar was applied in the surface soil layer at the seedling stage of cotton. The co-expression of gdh3 and gdh2 in the fine roots increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency. The synergistic expression of the ammonium transporter gene and gdh3 suggests that biochar may be beneficial to amino acid metabolism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar induced improvement in root system architecture enhances nutrient assimilation by cotton plant seedlings

et al. 2021

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“…The activity of the glutamine synthetase (GS) enzyme can be considered as a potential marker to predict and select wheat genotypes with high-NUE [ 45 ]. Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) is a part of the GS/GOGAT cycle and participates in the main pathway of nitrogen assimilation [ 13 ]. Zhou et al reported that the GS/GOGAT cycle promoted nitrogen remobilization and translocation in rice [ 46 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the nitrate is assimilated in leaves, it is reduced to ammonium quickly by nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. The ammonium is then converted into glutamine and glutamate via the glutamine synthetase–glutamate synthase (GS-GOGAT) cycle [ 13 ]. The products are converted into other nitrogen-containing compounds for carbon metabolism [ 14 ], whereas this cycle requires the carbon skeleton for assimilating nitrogen into amino acids, which derives from the intermediate of carbon metabolism [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Analysis of Two Near-Isogenic Lines with Different NUE under Normal Nitrogen Conditions in Wheat

Zhang

Ding

et al. 2021

Biology

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Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient element for crop productivity. Unfortunately, the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crop plants gradually decreases with the increase of the N application rate. Nevertheless, little has been known about the molecular mechanisms of differences in NUE among genotypes of wheat. In this study, we used RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) to compare the transcriptome profiling of flag leaves at the stage of anthesis in wheat NILs (1Y, high-NUE, and 1W, low-NUE) under normal nitrogen conditions (300 kg N ha−1, corresponding to 1.6 g N pot−1). We identified 7023 DEGs (4738 upregulated and 2285 downregulated) in the comparison between lines 1Y and 1W. The responses of 1Y and 1W to normal N differed in the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Several genes belonging to the GS and GOGAT gene families were upregulated in 1Y compared with 1W, and the enhanced carbon metabolism might lead 1Y to produce more C skeletons, metabolic energy, and reductants for nitrogen metabolism. A subset of transcription factors (TFs) family members, such as ERF, WRKY, NAC, and MYB, were also identified. Collectively, these identified candidate genes provided new information for a further understanding of the genotypic difference in NUE.

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“…The major part of

{NO}_{3}^{-}

is reduced in leaves, although reduction also occurs in roots. Nitrite, in turn, is promptly removed from cells or transported to plastids where it is reduced by nitrite reductase (NiR, EC 1.7.7.1) into

{NH}_{4}^{+}

for further assimilation into organic compounds, like amino acids by the glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2)/glutamine‐2‐oxoglutarate aminotransferase (EC 1.4.1.13) (GS/GOGAT cycle) (Crawford, 1995; Kishorekumar, Bulle, Wany, & Gupta, 2020). For further details in N uptake and assimilation and the regulation of N metabolism, see the relevant revisions (Krapp, 2015; Lea & Miflin, 2003, 2011; Masclaux‐Daubresse et al, 2010; O'Brien et al, 2016; Vidal et al, 2020).…”

Section: Nitrogen In Plant Growth and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unravelling ties in the nitrogen network: Polyamines and nitric oxide emerging as essential players in signalling roadway

Recalde

Mansur

Cabrera

et al. 2020

Annals of Applied Biology

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Nitrogen (N) is a central mineral nutrient essential for plant development and growth. It is usually scarcely found in soils, so the knowledge of the overall plant N metabolism deserves substantial attention. Polyamines (PAs) are N‐containing low‐molecular‐weight compounds of polycationic nature involved in essential processes all throughout the life of plants whereas nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous free radical involved in signalling cascades related to many physiological events. PAs and NO share signalling functions and interact with each other in several biological functions, mainly in stress responses. Biosynthesis pathways of PAs and NO are overlapped; PAs induce NO formation, but it is still not completely defined whether PAs act as substrates, cofactors, or signals for promoting NO synthesis and also, which are the mechanisms involved in NO regulation of PAs metabolism. Polyamine levels are of vital importance in the regulation of the network of N‐metabolising pathways in plants, as they are components of the core of the overall N metabolism. In light of the importance of improving the efficiency of N uptake and distribution, it is time to elucidate the intricate relationship among N as a nutrient with PAs and NO as emerging signalling molecules. The close cooperation among these players in the whole N metabolism is an interesting target for the development of biotechnological tools for sustainable agriculture.

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An Overview of Important Enzymes Involved in Nitrogen Assimilation of Plants

Cited by 49 publications

References 95 publications

Biochar induced improvement in root system architecture enhances nutrient assimilation by cotton plant seedlings

Biochar induced improvement in root system architecture enhances nutrient assimilation by cotton plant seedlings

Transcriptome Analysis of Two Near-Isogenic Lines with Different NUE under Normal Nitrogen Conditions in Wheat

Unravelling ties in the nitrogen network: Polyamines and nitric oxide emerging as essential players in signalling roadway

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