An Overview of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Lung Injury

Abstract

Previous studies have demonstrated the development of pulmonary impairment in individuals infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Complications, such as alveolitis and bronchiectasis, were found in individuals who developed tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP-HAM) due to chronic inflammation. These patients exhibited increased levels of lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD25+), cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ), inflammatory chemokines (MIP-1α and IP-10), and cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, with the result of chronic inflammation and lung injury. The main lesions observed at Chest high-resolution computed tomography were centrilobular nodules, parenchymal bands, lung cysts, bronchiectasis, ground-glass opacity, mosaic attenuation, and pleural thickening. It can lead to progressive changes in pulmonary function with the development of restrictive and obstructive diseases. Recent studies suggest a causal relationship between HTLV-1 and pulmonary diseases, with intensification of lesions and progressive decrease in pulmonary function. This summary updates a previous publication and addresses the general lack of knowledge regarding the relationship between TSP-HAM and pulmonary disease, providing direction for future work and the management of these individuals.

Заболевания, Ассоциированные С Т-Лимфотропным Вирусом Типа 1 Человека (HTLV-1)

“…В бронхоальвеолярном лаваже этих пациентов, кроме повышенного уровня лимфоцитов CD4 + и CD25 + , обнаруживали высокие концентрации цитокинов (IL2, IL12 и IFNγ), воспалительных хемокинов (macrophage inflammatory protein, MIP1α; CXCR3binding chemokine, IP10/CXC10) и молекул клеточной адгезии (intercellular adhesion molecule 1, ICAM1). А это прогностические маркеры хронического воспаления и повреждения легких [16].…”

HAM/TSP Pathogenesis: The Transmigration Activity of HTLV-1-Infected T Cells into Tissues

“…Several inflammatory diseases, such as Sjögren’s syndrome [ 67 ], myositis [ 68 ], uveitis [ 69 ], pulmonary disorder [ 70 ], arthritis [ 71 ], and infective dermatitis [ 72 ], occasionally occur in HTLV-1-infected individuals, including HAM/TSP patients [ 21 ]. Although it is necessary to consider the pathogenesis in those complicated with HAM/TSP in distinction from those complicated with HTLV-1 carrier status, at least, the exact pathogenesis of these inflammatory diseases is still obscure.…”