An Overview of Flexible Electrode Materials/Substrates for Flexible Electrochemical Energy Storage/Conversion Devices

Abstract

The rise of portable and wearable electronics has largely stimulated the development of flexible energy storage and conversion devices. As one of the essential parts, the electrode plays critical role in determining the device performance, which required to be highly flexible, light‐weight, and conformable for flexible and wearable applications. However, it remains a formidable challenge in the design of appropriate flexible electrodes. Thus, considerable effort has been making to develop various flexible materials/substrates to fabricate flexible energy devices. Here, this review aims to provide a comprehensive survey on the recently developed free‐standing and flexible electrode materials/substrates for flexible electrochemical energy storage devices, which are categorized into four different types including metal‐based, carbon‐based, polymer‐based, and micro‐patterned flexible electrodes. The specific characteristics, fabrication methods, properties, and pros and cons of each type of materials are thoroughly analysed. Furthermore, challenges and future directions for designing flexible electrode materials are also discussed.

N, P, and S co-doped 3D porous carbon-architectured cathode for high-performance Zn-ion hybrid capacitors

“…This N, P, S-self doped hierarchical porous carbon material can increase the effective active sites and provide more efficient ion transfer, improving the electrochemical performance of the materials. 37 Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to further investigate the detailed elemental composition and valence states of HPCS-900. As shown in Fig.…”

Conjugated Copolymer Design in Phenothiazine-Based Battery Materials Enables High Mass Loading Electrodes

“…In the search for new charge storage technologies for a range of applications beyond electromobility, organic battery electrode materials are considered to be promising candidates. − They are composed of abundant elements, are nontoxic, and can be produced and processed at relatively low temperatures . Their amorphous structures can enable the fabrication of mechanically flexible batteries . Many types of organic electrode materials have been reported, including small molecule and polymeric materials, , covering a wide range of redox potentials − and cell chemistries .…”

“…4 Their amorphous structures can enable the fabrication of mechanically flexible batteries. 5 Many types of organic electrode materials have been reported, including small molecule 6 and polymeric materials, 7,8 covering a wide range of redox potentials 9−11 and cell chemistries. 12 Most organic materials, however, lack internal electronic conductivity, and hence, large amounts of conductive carbon additives are required to obtain well-functioning composite electrodes.…”

Flexible Nano-TiO2 Sheets Exhibiting Excellent Photocatalytic and Photovoltaic Properties by Controlled Silane Functionalization─Exploring the New Prospects of Wastewater Treatment and Flexible DSSCs

“…Nonvolatile functional molecular gels/liquids prepared via surface modification with long aliphatic chains or bulky aromatic functional moieties 24 and that exhibit less viscosity at room temperature were proposed as potential candidates for optoelectronic and electrochemical device preparation and applications in the energy harvesting/storage and water purification fields. 25 These materials, when being used in synthesizing a solvent-free slurry, offer the unique advantage that no solvent is required for making the active material so that solvent evaporation problems that may arise from using a solvent in a device can be eliminated. This new approach for preparing functionalized organic and inorganic nanostructures with liquid-like behavior is reported in several recent articles.…”