An Overview of Equine Influenza in South America

Perglione, Cecilia Olguín; Barrandeguy, M.

doi:10.3390/v13050888

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(111 reference statements)

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“…The overall clade structure reveals an apparent US-based continuous circulation that seeds multiple international transfers and outbreaks in different regions of the world (Figure 4). Some of these historical transfers have been reported and analyzed previously and confirmed here (18,(67)(68)(69)(70)(71). Our Bayesian demographic analysis of the FC1 HA1 data set (Figure S8) also shows that the effective population size largely mirrors the full-length genome data set, yet with more points of transition and changes in diversity, some of which are likely revealed by the increased sampling resolution (Figure S2B).…”

Section: Only Circulated In the Unitedsupporting

confidence: 83%

Understanding the Divergent Evolution and Epidemiology of H3N8 Influenza Viruses in Dogs and Horses

Wasik

Rothschild

Voorhees

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Cross-species virus transmission events can lead to dire public health emergencies in the form of epidemics and pandemics. One example in animals is the emergence of the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), first isolated in 1963 in Miami, Florida after emerging among horses in South America. In the early 21st century the American lineage of EIV diverged into two Florida clades that persist today, while an EIV transferred to dogs around 1999 and gave rise to the H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), first reported in 2004. Here, we compare CIV in dogs and EIV in horses to clarify their host-specific evolution, to determine the sources and connections between significant outbreaks, and to gain insight into the factors controlling their different evolutionary fates. H3N8 CIV only circulated in North America, was geographically restricted after the first few years, and went extinct in 2016. Of the two EIV Florida clades, clade 1 circulates widely and shows frequent transfers between the USA and South America, Europe and elsewhere, while clade 2 was globally distributed early after it emerged, but since about 2018 has only been detected in Central Asia. Any potential zoonotic threat of these viruses to humans can only be determined with an understanding of its natural history and evolution. Our comparative analysis of these three viral lineages reveals both distinct patterns and rates of sequence variation yet with similar overall evolution between clades, suggesting epidemiological intervention strategies for possible eradication of H3N8 EIV.

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Section: Only Circulated In the Unitedsupporting

confidence: 83%

Understanding the Divergent Evolution and Epidemiology of H3N8 Influenza Viruses in Dogs and Horses

Wasik

Rothschild

Voorhees

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Among the individual infections, EIV and EHV-4 made up 63% of all infections. This is not surprising considering that these two viruses are endemic in most horse populations and commonly associated with outbreaks [ 19 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. It is interesting to notice that seasonality, demographics, use, and clinical signs between EIV and EHV-4 qPCR-positive horses differed slightly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021)

et al. 2022

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A voluntary biosurveillance program was established in 2008 in order to determine the shedding frequency and prevalence factors for common respiratory pathogens associated with acute onset of fever and/or respiratory signs in equids from the USA. Over a period of 13 years, a total of 10,296 equids were enrolled in the program and nasal secretions were analyzed for the qPCR detection of equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), EHV-4, equine rhinitis A and B virus (ERVs), and Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi). Single infections with respiratory pathogens were detected in 21.1% of the submissions with EIV (6.8%) and EHV-4 (6.6%) as the two most prevalent viruses, followed by S. equi (4.7%), ERVs (2.3%), and EHV-1 (0.7%). Multiple pathogens were detected in 274 horses (2.7%) and no respiratory pathogens in 7836 horses (76.2%). Specific prevalence factors were determined for each of the six respiratory pathogen groups; most differences were associated with age, breed, and use of the horses, while the clinical signs were fairly consistent between viral and bacterial respiratory infections. Monitoring the frequency of detection of common respiratory pathogens is important in order to gain a better understanding of their epidemiology and to implement management practices aimed at controlling disease spread.

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“…Influenza A viruses of the H3 and H1 subtypes currently circulate in birds, humans, swine, dogs, and horses [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Human seasonal IAVs infect between 10% and 20% of the human population every year, causing an estimated 290 000 to 650 000 deaths annually [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sixteen different haemagglutinin (HA) subtypes in influenza A have been identified (H1 to H16), of which H1 and H3 are currently circulating in human populations [4]. Influenza A viruses of the H3 and H1 subtypes currently circulate in birds, humans, swine, dogs, and horses [5–11]. Human seasonal IAVs infect between 10% and 20% of the human population every year, causing an estimated 290 000 to 650 000 deaths annually [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of influenza A virus hemagglutinin H1 and H3 across host species

Trovão

Khan

Lemey

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The Influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinin protein (HA) has been studied extensively, but its evolution has not been thoroughly compared among major host species. We compared H3 and H1 evolutionary rates among 49 lineages differentiated by host (avian, canine, equine, human, swine), phylogeny, and geography. Rates of nonsynonymous evolution, relative to synonymous rates, were higher in mammalian than avian hosts. Human seasonal HA and classical swine H1 accumulated 11-13 glycosylation sites, primarily in the antigenically important head domain, whereas lower numbers were maintained in other hosts. Canines had the highest ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous changes in the more conserved stalk domain. Amino acid changes in canine viruses occurred disproportionately at residues located at protein interfaces. This suggests that they were adaptations affecting the major structural rearrangement of HA, which is critical for cell entry. These findings invite further study of how host ecology and physiology affect natural selection.AUTHOR SUMMARYInfluenza virus evolution is of practical importance to health in addition to being an excellent system for the study of parasite/host evolution. Our work explores a largely untapped aspect of influenza evolution: sequence evolution in non-human hosts. This is important in its own right, in terms of both science and domestic animal health. It also puts the evolution of human influenza in a larger, comparative context. Our results also provide evidence concerning the evolution of the hemagglutinin stem domain, which has not been a focus of study but has new importance due to the development of stem-based universal influenza vaccines.

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An Overview of Equine Influenza in South America

Cited by 7 publications

References 51 publications

Understanding the Divergent Evolution and Epidemiology of H3N8 Influenza Viruses in Dogs and Horses

Understanding the Divergent Evolution and Epidemiology of H3N8 Influenza Viruses in Dogs and Horses

Frequency of Detection and Prevalence Factors Associated with Common Respiratory Pathogens in Equids with Acute Onset of Fever and/or Respiratory Signs (2008–2021)

Evolution of influenza A virus hemagglutinin H1 and H3 across host species

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