An Overview of Distribution, Biology and the Management of Common Bean Anthracnose

Abstract

Bean anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) is one of the most important seed borne disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the world. The disease is prevalent in areas that experience cool and wet weather conditions, causing up to 100% yield loss. Besides infecting Phaseolus vulgaris, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum also attacks other legumes like mung bean (P. aureus), cowpea (Vigna sinensis), and broad bean (Vicia faba). The disease causes symptoms to appear on leaves, stems, pods and seeds. The pathogen can survive in seeds for up to five years, and is also known to overwinter in crop debris. Seed infection is the primary means by which the pathogen spreads. Therefore, the production and the use of certified seeds is one control measure that is effective in dealing with the disease. Fungicidal seed treatment and foliar application as well as cultural and biological methods are very important for bean anthracnose management. Further information on biology and survival of C. lindemuthianum is needed to devise more effective management strategies. In this review attention were given to the biology and management options, with an emphasis on the future research priorities.

Biology and Management Strategies of Cowpea Anthracnose Disease Caused by Colletrotrichum Species

“…(Amadioha, 2003;Masangwa et al, 2013). This pathogen, noted Mohammed (2013), has been severally reported as associated also with anthracnose of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), cowpea (V. unguiculata L.) and broad bean (Vicia fibia). The disease is worldwide in distribution and the pathogen has many races.…”

“…Yieid losses of 40-80% have been attributed to attacks of the disease in susceptible bean lines in Tanzania, 90% in Sudan; with 92% and 95% documented in Malawi and Columbia respectively. However losses could reach 100% in very susceptible cultivars under favourable conditions of cool, wet weather (Enyiukwu, 2011;Mohammed, 2013).…”

“…These diseases are very destructive due to susceptibility of many cowpea lines to them (Adegbite and Amusa, 2008). Fungal metabolites have been implicated in the development of these diseases while leaf topography and specific physical and in some cases, chemical signals are reported to trigger appressoria formation from these organisms on leave surfaces (Podila et al, 1993;Amusa et al, 2001;Mohammed, 2013).…”

“…Cowpea anthracnose is favoured by warm wet weather. Temperature range of 25-30 o C (27 o C optimum) with relative humidity of 92% or free moisture on the plant surface have been found to encourage spore germination of the pathogen and initiation of the disease in the plant (Mohammed 2013;Infonet-Biovision, 2014) Seeds are possible sources of long distance distribution of the fungus into pathogen-free locations (Awurum and Ucheagwu, 2013). Reports from Pakistan for instance, suggested that the anthracnose fungus was introduced into the country from infected seeds from Nigeria (Qureshi et al, 1985).…”

Theoretical Approach on Targeting Plant Fungal Pathogenic Proteins Against Naturally Isolated Compounds From Chitiniphilus Shinanonensis

“…It is the most susceptible species throughout the world; at least one or two species will affect every crop and causes major losses to the economy; commonly it will affect fruits such as bananas, and vegetable crops such as sorghum and cassava and ornamentals [5]. C. lindemuthianum is one of the most important seed-borne diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) commonly it was known as bean anthracnose [6] in the world found extensively in tropical and subtropical regions. C. lindemuthianum, the fungal pathogen secretes an enzyme endo-chitin de-N-acetylase to modify exposed hyphal chitin during penetration and infection of plants [7][8][9].…”