An overview of demand side management control schemes for buildings in smart grids

Abstract

Abstract-The increasing share of distributed energy resources and renewable energy in power systems results in a highly variable and less controllable energy production. Therefore, in order to ensure stability and to reduce the infrastructure and operation cost of the power grid, flexible and controllable demand is needed. The research area of demand side management is still very much in flux and several options are being presented which can all be used to manage loads in order to achieve a flexible and more responsive demand. These different control schemes are developed with different organization of the power sector in mind and thus can differ significantly in their architecture, their integration into the various markets, their integration into distribution network operation and several other aspects. This paper proposes a classification of load control policies for demand side management in smart buildings, based on external behavior: direct, indirect, transactional and autonomous control; internal operation: decision support system scope, control strategy, failure handling and architecture. This classification assists in providing an overview of the control schemes as well as different ways of representing a building.

Electric space heating scheduling for real-time explicit power control in active distribution networks

“…It differs from the Power Schedule by the fact that future values of the power setpoint are not known to the DER. The interested reader can refer to [6] and the references therein for an overview on control policies for energy consumption in buildings.…”

Performance assessment of aggregation control services for demand response

“…Thus, the DSO can sign a contract for PowerMax service (see Sec. III-C) with an Aggregator which, at any time, operates Demand Response via Direct Load Control (DLC) [2] in order to limit the power flow at the transformer.…”

“…Figure 5b shows the configuration for the D-MPC. This is an example of transactional control [2], where the unit power consumption is negotiated.…”

“…it controls units in order to perform DSM. A general classification of different aggregation methods is presented in [2], an example of direct control can be found in [3], and an analysis and evaluation of indirect control architectures can be found in [4].…”

Evaluation of Aggregators for Integration of Large-scale Consumers in Smart Grid

“…Different control strategies have been proposed to integrate the consumers to the smart grid. However, generally we can classify them into two main categories, which are entitled direct control and indirect control (Kosek et al [2013]). In summary, direct control refers to those strategies in which the consumers receive control commands from a grid operator to follow.…”