“…The Boganiidae-Encephalarteae association was probably established during the Early-Middle Jurassic, and the specific beetle-herbivore and cycad-host pairs were probably widespread on Gondwana, at least in what would become southern Africa, southwestern Australia, and Antarctica, the last then connecting the former two continents [34]. Like boganiids, the present global distribution of pollinating erotylids in Africa, Asia, Australia, and North and Central America [3] suggests an early development of an erotylid-cycad relationship before late-Mesozoic continental drift [35]. Collectively, the preliminary cycad-insect associations are probably ancient, extending to the Triassic or earlier [28], whereas insect pollination of cycads may be as early as the Early Jurassic [4,9,12], long before the origin and diversification of major groups of angiosperms and the concomitant diversification of angiosperm pollinators such as moths, flies, and bees later in the Cretaceous [5,6,36,37].…”