An overview of cephalosporin antibiotics as emerging contaminants: a serious environmental concern

Abstract

Antibiotics have been categorized as emerging pollutants due to their indiscriminate usage, continuous input and persistence in various environmental matrices even at lower concentrations. Cephalosporins are the broad-spectrum antibiotics of β-lactam family. Owing to its enormous production and consumption, it is reported as the second most prescribed antibiotic classes in Europe. The cephalosporin wastewater contains toxic organic compounds, inorganic salts, and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) which pose a potential threat to the organisms in the environment. Therefore, removal of cephalosporin antibiotics from the environment has become mandatory as it contributes to increase in the level of chemical oxygen demand (COD), causing toxicity of the effluent and production of cephalosporin-resistant microbes. So far, several processes have been reported for degradation/removal of cephalosporins from the environment. A number of individual studies have been published within the last decade covering the various aspects of antibiotics. However, a detailed compilation on cephalosporin antibiotics as an emerging environmental contaminant is still lacking. Hence, the present review intends to highlight the current ecological scenario with respect to distribution, toxicity, degradation, various remediation technologies, and the regulatory aspects concerning cephalosporins. The latest successful technologies for cephalosporin degradation/removal discussed in this review will help researchers for a better understanding of the nature and persistence of cephalosporins in the environment along with the risks associated with their existence. The research thrust discussed in this review will also evoke new technologies to be attempted by the future researchers to develop sustainable options to remediate cephalosporincontaminated environments.

Design, synthesis, antibacterial evaluation, and computational studies of hybrid oxothiazolidin–1,2,4‐triazole scaffolds

“…Briefly, the results showed that all synthesized derivatives have log P values <5, low tendency to be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, optimal TPSA values (in the range of 180-212 Å 2 ), low number of violations of Lipinki's rule of five, [40] and they do not cross the blood-brain barrier. It is important to note that Lipinski's rules represent statistical guidelines for orally administered drugs, and there are numerous cases of orally available drugs that do not comply with all the rules, for example, cefozopran (Firstcin®) as a representative of cephalosporin [41] and azithromycin [42] and roxithromycin [43] as representatives of other well-known antibacterial F I G U R E 4 Pharmacophore (red), antipharmacophore (blue), and ballast (gray) parts of the derivatives 10b (left) and 10n (right) drugs. Moreover, clinically used drugs are subjected to metabolism in vivo, which increases the degradation of the molecule into the various fragments and increases polarity for excretion.…”

Second-Generation Cephalosporins-Associated Drug-Induced Liver Disease: A Study in VigiBase with a Focus on the Elderly

“…Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics frequently prescribed, grouped into five generations based on their spectrum [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Second generation cephalosporins have a relatively broad spectrum activity, a variety of methods of administration and are often prescribed to treat respiratory infections [ 6 , 8 , 9 ], urinary tract infections, soft tissue infections and for surgical prophylaxis [ 5 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Cephalosporins prescribed by age groups showed higher prescribing rates for the adult population (18–64 years old) (n = 32,828), followed by those under 18 years old (n = 15,169), while the elderly population had lower prescribing rates (n = 7016) [ 7 ].…”

Evaluation of Antibiotic Residue in Cow Milk and Its Impact on Danio Rerio

“…Antibiotics including cephalosporins have active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) that have a harmful impact on the environment. It acts as a emerging contaminants (Das et al 2019).…”

“…Among them, The duration and severity of exposure of antibiotic like, ceftriaxone have a signi cant effect on bla CTX-M resistance gene ampli cation in the gut ora and it leads antibiotic antibiotic resistance, which is the major causes signi cant health care hazards (Sileshi et al 2016); (Meletiadis et al 2017). Cephalosporrin antibiotic contamination has a strong negative impact on human health and ecosystem as it waste water contain toxic substances (Das et al 2019). This pollution has an effect on marine ecosystems, halting ecosystem and organism functions during their life cycle (Kraemer et al 2019).…”

“…The main component of Cephalosporin wastewater is intermediate residues, which produce the fewest unrecycled materials, the majority of which are heterocyclic macromolecular compounds. Water containing a variety of toxic organic compounds can pose a threat to the organisms reside in the environment (Das et al 2019).…”