An overview of biomass solid fuels: Biomass sources, processing methods, and morphological and microstructural properties

Ibitoye, Segun E.; Mahamood, Rasheedat M.; Jen, Tien-Chien; Loha, Chanchal; Akinlabi, Esther T.

doi:10.1016/j.jobab.2023.09.005

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 179 publications

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“…High-yield BC with high porosity is achievable using biomasses possessing more lignin and less cellulose. Additionally, the volatile component, water content, particle size, and shape of the original biomass can also affect the properties of BC [98]. Table 2 reports the general chemical and physical features of BC, while Table S4 in the Supplementary Materials reports some characteristics of BCs produced from specific feedstocks at various production temperatures [99].…”

Section: Biochar Characterization and Main Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar-Derived Persistent Free Radicals: A Plethora of Environmental Applications in a Lights and Shadows Scenario

Alfei,

Pandoli

2024

Preprint

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Biochar (BC) is a carbonaceous material obtained by pyrolysis at 200−1000 °C in the limited presence of O2 of different vegetable and animal biomass feedstocks. BC has demonstrated great potential, mainly in environmental applications, due to its high sorption ability and persistent free radicals (PFRs) content. These characteristics enable BCs to carry out the direct and PFRs-mediated removal/degradation of environmental organic and inorganic contaminants. The types of PFRs possibly present in BC depend mainly on the pyrolysis temperature and the kind of pristine biomass. Since they also can cause ecological and human damage, a systematic evaluation of the environmental behavior, risks, or management techniques of BC-derived PFRs is urgent. PFRs generally could consist of a mixture of carbon- and oxygen-centered radicals, and of oxygenated carbon-centered radicals, depending on the pyrolytic conditions. Here, to promote a more productive and beneficial use of BC and related PFRs and stimulate further studies to make them environmentally safer and less hazardous to humans, we have first reviewed the most common methods used to produce BC, its main environmental applications, the primary mechanisms by which BC remove xenobiotics, as well as the reported mechanisms for PFRs formation in BCs. Secondly, we have discussed the PFRs environmental migration and transformation; we have reported the main PFRs-mediated applications of BCs to degrade inorganic and organic pollutants, the correlated environmental potential risks, and the possible strategies to limit them.

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Section: Biochar Characterization and Main Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar-Derived Persistent Free Radicals: A Plethora of Environmental Applications in a Lights and Shadows Scenario

Alfei,

Pandoli

2024

Preprint

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“…Based on the heating rate, temperature, residence time, and pressure, pyrolysis can be categorized as fast or slow, as summarized in Table S2 in the Supplementary Materials [ 97 ]. Generally, fast pyrolysis is employed to maximize the liquid product yield, while slow pyrolysis is employed to maximize the solid product yield [ 98 ].…”

Section: Biochar (Bc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The properties of pristine biomass that mainly influence the related BC include moisture content, ash content, calorific value, the percentage of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, fractions of fixed carbon, and volatile components [ 98 ]. High-yield BC with high porosity is achievable using biomasses possessing more lignin and less cellulose.…”

Section: Biochar (Bc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High-yield BC with high porosity is achievable using biomasses possessing more lignin and less cellulose. Additionally, the volatile component, water content, particle size, and shape of the original biomass can also affect the properties of BC [ 98 ]. Table 2 reports the general chemical and physical features of BC, while Table S4 in the Supplementary Materials reports some characteristics of BCs produced from specific feedstocks at various production temperatures [ 99 ].…”

Section: Biochar (Bc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biochar-Derived Persistent Free Radicals: A Plethora of Environmental Applications in a Light and Shadows Scenario

Alfei,

Pandoli

2024

Toxics

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Biochar (BC) is a carbonaceous material obtained by pyrolysis at 200−1000 °C in the limited presence of O2 from different vegetable and animal biomass feedstocks. BC has demonstrated great potential, mainly in environmental applications, due to its high sorption ability and persistent free radicals (PFRs) content. These characteristics enable BC to carry out the direct and PFRs-mediated removal/degradation of environmental organic and inorganic contaminants. The types of PFRs that are possibly present in BC depend mainly on the pyrolysis temperature and the kind of pristine biomass. Since they can also cause ecological and human damage, a systematic evaluation of the environmental behavior, risks, or management techniques of BC-derived PFRs is urgent. PFRs generally consist of a mixture of carbon- and oxygen-centered radicals and of oxygenated carbon-centered radicals, depending on the pyrolytic conditions. Here, to promote the more productive and beneficial use of BC and the related PFRs and to stimulate further studies to make them environmentally safer and less hazardous to humans, we have first reviewed the most common methods used to produce BC, its main environmental applications, and the primary mechanisms by which BC remove xenobiotics, as well as the reported mechanisms for PFR formation in BC. Secondly, we have discussed the environmental migration and transformation of PFRs; we have reported the main PFR-mediated application of BC to degrade inorganic and organic pollutants, the potential correlated environmental risks, and the possible strategies to limit them.

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“…Despite their differences, both release energy when burned, making them valuable for power generation. Solid fuels like coal and biomass are characterized based on qualitythe fundamental factor that impacts efficiency, environmental impact, and cost. , The ranking considers the energy composition, fixed carbon content, ash, and sulfur compositions. High-quality coals, such as anthracite, have high energy and carbon content with low sulfur and ash.…”

Section: Fuel Ranking and Problematic Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Efficient Utilization of Low-Rank Fuels in Coal and Biomass-Fired Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Bankefa,

Nasah,

Laudal

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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While coal−biomass cocombustion has gained considerable attention as a climate-sensitive power generation strategy, the detrimental impact of inorganic species present in low-rank fuels can lead to counterproductive outcomes in combustion systems. Low-rank solid fuels negatively affect heat transfer efficiency and energy conversion during steam generation, resulting in adverse environmental consequences. However, a combination of improved combustion technology and fuel quality improvements can enable the safe utilization of these fuels. This review highlights the pressing need for research in fuel quality improvement as an effective climate change mitigation strategy during the global transition to renewable energy sources. Identifying the problematic species in solid fuels and understanding the mechanisms of ash formation are critical steps toward designing effective strategies to control ash aerosol-induced fouling. The paper discusses methods for promoting clean combustion, including fuel pretreatment and cocombustion. Additionally, the review examines recent advancements in fuel improvement strategies, such as CFD-targeted-in-furnace injection (CFD-TIFI), intelligent soot blowing, and fuel additive technology, with a focus on mineral additives. Due to its high efficiency, low cost, and minimal retrofit requirements, additive technology holds promise for large-scale applications, paving the way for fuel flexibility in utility-scale power generation. The current study emphasizes the importance of fuel ash mineral transformation and characterization techniques for evaluating the effectiveness of fuel additives. Assessing the viability of utility-scale applications economically and the feasibility of a large-scale demonstration requires further research.

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An overview of biomass solid fuels: Biomass sources, processing methods, and morphological and microstructural properties

Cited by 17 publications

References 179 publications

Biochar-Derived Persistent Free Radicals: A Plethora of Environmental Applications in a Lights and Shadows Scenario

Biochar-Derived Persistent Free Radicals: A Plethora of Environmental Applications in a Lights and Shadows Scenario

Biochar-Derived Persistent Free Radicals: A Plethora of Environmental Applications in a Light and Shadows Scenario

Advances in Efficient Utilization of Low-Rank Fuels in Coal and Biomass-Fired Systems: A Comprehensive Review

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