An overview of Betacoronaviruses-associated severe respiratory syndromes, focusing on sex-type-specific immune responses

Rahimi, Golbarg; Rahimi, Bahareh; Panahi, Mohammad Hossein; Abkhiz, Shadi; Saraygord‐Afshari, Neda; Milani, Morteza; Alizadeh, Effat

doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107365

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…As already described for the general population [ 24 ], we also observed a sex-dependency of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in HSCT patients after vaccination. Nevertheless, T cell responses did not differ significantly between females and males, neither in patients nor in healthy controls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Humoral and Cellular Vaccination Responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients

et al. 2021

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The cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients is not yet clear. In the current study, HSCT recipients prior to and post vaccination were tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity. Antibodies against spike (S) 1 were assessed by Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA (Euroimmun). Cellular immunity was analyzed by an in house interferon-gamma ELISpot and T-SPOT.COVID (Oxford Immunotec), using altogether seven SARS-CoV-2-specific antigens. In 117 HSCT patients vaccinated twice, SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were significantly higher than in HSCT controls pre vaccination (p < 0.0001). After the second vaccination, we observed a median antibody ratio of 4.7 and 68% positive results, whereas 35 healthy controls reached a median ratio of 9.0 and 100% positivity. ELISpot responses in patients were significantly (p < 0.001) reduced to ≤33% of the controls. After the second vaccination, female HSCT patients and female healthy controls showed significantly higher antibody responses than males (6.0 vs. 2.1 and 9.2 vs. 8.2, respectively; p < 0.05). Cellular immunity was diminished in patients irrespective of sex. In conclusion, especially male HSCT recipients showed impaired antibody responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Changing the vaccine schedule or composition could help increase vaccine responses.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Humoral and Cellular Vaccination Responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients

et al. 2021

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“…There are several underlying differences in physiological functions between the two sexes and this fact implies a diverse incidence and severity of major diseases, as cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and immune disorders up to lifespan regulation [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. As an example, 80% of patients with autoimmune diseases are females and similarly 80% of patients with osteoporosis are women [13][14][15].…”

Section: Sex-related Differences In Physiopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ACE2 gene encodes a type I carboxypeptidase glycoprotein of about 100 kDa, composed by 805 amino acids and located as an ectoenzyme on the surface of the cells. ACE2 enzyme acts exclusively as a carboxypeptidase removing a C-terminal amino acid from Angiotensin II (Ang II) generating Ang(1-7) or from Ang I forming Ang (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). The Ang(1-7) acts through its G-protein coupled receptor Mas [34].…”

Section: Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are sex hormones promising candidates to explain sex disparities in the COVID-19 pandemic?

Brandi¹

2021

Rev Endocr Metab Disord

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“…It is well known in clinics that the female organism in fertile age is more resistant to cardiovascular problems and females have more robust immunity [ 82 ]. Klein and Flanagan [ 16 ] aimed to summarize the sex-related differences in the immune response of males and females.…”

Section: Antiviral Effect Of Estrogens As a Developmental Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogen Receptor Modulators in Viral Infections Such as SARS−CoV−2: Therapeutic Consequences

Abramenko

Vellieux

Tesařová

et al. 2021

IJMS

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COVID−19 is a pandemic respiratory disease caused by the SARS−CoV−2 coronavirus. The worldwide epidemiologic data showed higher mortality in males compared to females, suggesting a hypothesis about the protective effect of estrogens against severe disease progression with the ultimate end being patient’s death. This article summarizes the current knowledge regarding the potential effect of estrogens and other modulators of estrogen receptors on COVID−19. While estrogen receptor activation shows complex effects on the patient’s organism, such as an influence on the cardiovascular/pulmonary/immune system which includes lower production of cytokines responsible for the cytokine storm, the receptor-independent effects directly inhibits viral replication. Furthermore, it inhibits the interaction of IL−6 with its receptor complex. Interestingly, in addition to natural hormones, phytestrogens and even synthetic molecules are able to interact with the estrogen receptor and exhibit some anti-COVID−19 activity. From this point of view, estrogen receptor modulators have the potential to be included in the anti-COVID−19 therapeutic arsenal.

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An overview of Betacoronaviruses-associated severe respiratory syndromes, focusing on sex-type-specific immune responses

Cited by 12 publications

References 125 publications

Humoral and Cellular Vaccination Responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients

Humoral and Cellular Vaccination Responses against SARS-CoV-2 in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients

Are sex hormones promising candidates to explain sex disparities in the COVID-19 pandemic?

Estrogen Receptor Modulators in Viral Infections Such as SARS−CoV−2: Therapeutic Consequences

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