An overview of autophagy: Mechanism, regulation and research progress

Cao, Weiya; Li, Jinhong; Yang, Kepeng; Cao, Dongli

doi:10.1016/j.bulcan.2020.11.004

Cited by 235 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Another possible, although the less likely explanation for the observed chromatin alterations, could be early nuclear events that precede autophagy. Autophagy is a very complex mechanism of the removal of cell dysfunctional components, regulated by numerous signaling pathways (Cao et al, 2021; Kouroumalis et al, 2021). Some of these pathways can be induced by impaired iron metabolism, although the relationship between iron toxicity and this process is poorly understood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of these pathways can be induced by impaired iron metabolism, although the relationship between iron toxicity and this process is poorly understood. Autophagy, similarly to apoptosis changes the expression levels of numerous genes in the nucleus and may in some circumstances lead to changes in chromatin structural organization (Cao et al, 2021; Kouroumalis et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Structural Organization of Hepatocyte Chromatin: Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix Analysis

et al. 2021

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Structural Organization of Hepatocyte Chromatin: Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix Analysis

et al. 2021

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“…Microautophagy is a process of certain cytosolic cargoes directly taken up by lysosomes in mammalian cells or vacuole in Yeast via invagination of the lysosome [11]. This type of autophagy thus does not require the formation of double-membrane autophagosomes.…”

Section: The Three Types Of Autophagymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…mTORC1 is the master regulator of autophagy [11]. During interphase and nutrient-rich conditions, mTORC1 inhibits autophagy flux by inhibitory phosphorylation of ULK1, Atg13, and TFEB, inhibiting autophagy initiation and lysosome biogenesis.…”

Section: Inhibitory Phosphorylation Of Autophagy Genes By Cdk1 During Mitosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of autophagy during mitosis

Gong

2021

E3S Web Conf.

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Based on observations of mitosis process, it has been implied that autophagy is repressed. Because the integrity of chromosomes and proteins are significant for cell cycle, the repression of autophagy serves as a protection. However, the mechanistic detail of whether and how autophagy is regulated during mitosis remains controversial. In this review, we aim to analyse and review the recent literature on the regulation of autophagy during mitosis. According to researches, autophagy is repressed via inhibitory phosphorylation of autophagy genes by CDK1, CUL4-RING ubiquitin ligases-mediated and WIPI2 polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In addition, the recent evidence that indicates autophagy is repressed will be reviewed.

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“…H-Ras has been also shown to play a role either in the positive or negative regulation of autophagy, depending on the cell type and the signaling context ( Schmukler et al, 2014 ). Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular mechanism that degrades unnecessary or damaged components within cells ( Cao et al, 2021 ). The induction of autophagy usually benefits cell survival, however, it can also result in cell death, called autophagic cell death, or non-apoptotic cell death (type II programmed cell death; Codogno and Meijer, 2005 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling Blocks Oncogenic H-Ras Induced Autophagy in Primary Human Keratinocytes

Wang

Qian

Zhang

et al. 2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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Mutations of H-Ras, a member of the RAS family, are preferentially found in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). H-Ras has been reported to induce autophagy, which plays an essential role in tissue homeostasis in multiple types of cancer cells and in fibroblasts, however, the potential role of H-Ras in regulating autophagy in human keratinocytes has not been reported. In this study, we found that the stable expression of the G12V mutant of H-RAS (H-RasG12V) induced autophagy in human keratinocytes, and interestingly, the induction of autophagy was strongly blocked by inhibiting the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway with either a calcineurin inhibitor (Cyclosporin A) or a NFAT inhibitor (VIVIT), or by the small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated knockdown of calcineurin B1 or NFATc1 in vitro, as well as in vivo. To characterize the role of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway in H-Ras induced autophagy, we found that H-RasG12V promoted the nuclear translocation of NFATc1, an indication of the activation of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway, in human keratinocytes. However, activation of NFATc1 either by the forced expression of NFATc1 or by treatment with phenformin, an AMPK activator, did not increase the formation of autophagy in human keratinocytes. Further study revealed that inhibiting the calcineurin/NFAT pathway actually suppressed H-Ras expression in H-RasG12V overexpressing cells. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that NFATc1 potentially binds the promoter region of H-Ras and the binding efficiency was significantly enhanced by the overexpression of H-RasG12V, which was abolished by treatment with the calcineurin/NFAT pathway inhibitors cyclosporine A (CsA) or VIVIT. Taking these data together, the present study demonstrates that the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway controls H-Ras expression and interacts with the H-Ras pathway, involving the regulation of H-Ras induced autophagy in human keratinocytes.

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An overview of autophagy: Mechanism, regulation and research progress

Cited by 235 publications

References 95 publications

Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Structural Organization of Hepatocyte Chromatin: Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix Analysis

Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on Structural Organization of Hepatocyte Chromatin: Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix Analysis

Regulation of autophagy during mitosis

Inhibition of Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling Blocks Oncogenic H-Ras Induced Autophagy in Primary Human Keratinocytes

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