An overview of Australia’s Phytophthora species assemblage in natural ecosystems recovered from a survey in Victoria

Dunstan, W.; Howard, K.; Hardy, G.; Burgess, Treena I.

doi:10.5598/imafungus.2016.07.01.04

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Sampling in the current study focussed only on soil and, as such, we may have missed a significant component of the Phytophthoradiversity. However, in the current study we sampled many more sites over a larger geographical area than any previous studies, and detected phylotypes of all the Clade 6 species (P. inundata, P. amnicola, P. thermophila, P. litoralis, P. fluvialis and P. moyootj) previously isolated from water bodies in Australia Hüberli et al 2013;Nagel et al 2013;Burgess 2015;Dunstan et al 2016). In particular, two species, P. thermophila and P. litoralis, were common in all states and although they were first reported from water they are also now commonly isolated from soil (CPSM database).…”

Section: Phytophthora Species Detected Within Australiamentioning

confidence: 77%

Distribution and diversity of Phytophthora across Australia

Burgess

White

McDougall

et al. 2017

Pac. Conserv. Biol.

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The introduction and subsequent impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi within native vegetation is one of the major conservation issues for biodiversity in Australia. Recently, many new Phytophthora species have been described from Australia's native ecosystems; however, their distribution, origin, and potential impact remain unknown. Historical bias in Phytophthora detection has been towards sites showing symptoms of disease, and traditional isolation methods show variable effectiveness of detecting different Phytophthora species. However, we now have at our disposal new techniques based on the sampling of environmental DNA and metabarcoding through the use of highthroughput sequencing. Here, we report on the diversity and distribution of Phytophthora in Australia using metabarcoding of 640 soil samples and we compare the diversity detected using this technique with that available in curated databases. Phytophthora was detected in 65% of sites, and phylogenetic analysis revealed 68 distinct Phytophthora phylotypes. Of these, 21 were identified as potentially unique taxa and 25 were new detections in natural areas and/or new introductions to Australia. There are 66 Phytophthora taxa listed in Australian databases, 43 of which were also detected in this metabarcoding study. This study revealed high Phytophthora richness within native vegetation and the additional records provide a valuable baseline resource for future studies. Many of the Phytophthora species now uncovered in Australia's native ecosystems are newly described and until more is known we need to be cautious with regard to the spread and conservation management of these new species in Australia's unique ecosystems.

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Section: Phytophthora Species Detected Within Australiamentioning

confidence: 77%

Distribution and diversity of Phytophthora across Australia

Burgess

White

McDougall

et al. 2017

Pac. Conserv. Biol.

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“…Phytophthora cinnamomi has long been recognised in Australia (Burgess et al 2017a), but P. multivora is a recently described species, previously mis-identified as P. citricola (Scott et al 2009). All records of P. citricola isolated from agriculture and urban settings in Australia have been reclassified as P. multivora (Burgess et al 2009, Barber et al 2013, Dunstan et al 2016. Many of the other more common species detected in this study such as P. plurivora, P. pseudocryptogea, P. nicotianeae and P. niederhauseri are also considered to be introduced, and associated with agriculture and horticulture.…”

Section: Patterns Of Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Predictors of Phytophthora diversity and community composition in natural areas across diverse Australian ecoregions

et al. 2018

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Comprehensive understanding of the patterns and drivers of microbial diversity at a landscape scale is in its infancy, despite the recent ease by which soil communities can be characterized using massively parallel amplicon sequencing. Here we report on a comprehensive analysis of the drivers of diversity distribution and composition of the ecologically and economically important Phytophthora genus from 414 soil samples collected across Australia. We assessed 22 environmental and seven categorical variables as potential predictors of Phytophthora species richness, α and β diversity, including both phylogenetically and non-phylogenically explicit methods. In addition, we classified each species as putatively native or introduced and examined the distribution with respect to putative origin. The two most widespread species, P. multivora and P. cinnamomi, are introduced, though five of the ten most widely distributed species are putatively native. Introduced taxa comprised over 54% of Australia's Phytophthora diversity and these species are known pathogens of annual and perennial crop habitats as well as urban landscapes and forestry. Patterns of composition were most strongly predicted by bioregion (R 2 = 0.29) and ecoregion (R 2 = 0.26) identity; mean precipitation of warmest quarter, mean temperature of the wettest quarter and latitude were also highly significant and described approximately 21, 14 and 13% of variation in NMDS composition, respectively. We also found statistically significant evidence for phylogenetic over-dispersion with respect to key climate variables.This study provides a strong baseline for understanding biogeographical patterns in this important genus as well the impact of key plant pathogens and invasive Phytophthora species in natural ecosystems.

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“…() recovered more than 60% in a similar study. The superabundance of clade 6 species in rivers possibly decreased the power of baiting soil species from rivers, which could explain why in other studies some species, such as P. cinnamomi , have been rarely recovered from streams flowing through infected stream‐sides (Dunstan et al., ). However, when using a DNA‐based high throughput sequencing method, which enabled a deeper level of sampling than by baiting, Català et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional traits associated with the establishment of introduced Phytophthora spp. in Swedish forests

Redondo

Boberg

Stenlid

et al. 2018

Journal of Applied Ecology

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Invasive forest pathogens of the genus Phytophthora are threatening ecosystems globally. Phytophthora species are mainly introduced by humans importing infected nursery stock. However, due to the presence of environmental filters, not all introduced Phytophthoras manage to establish and spread. Phytophthoras’ ability to overcome these filters may be linked to functional traits. In northern Europe, the increasing number of reports calls for a better understanding of the invasion process to prevent future outbreaks. We hypothesized that the incidence of invasive Phytophthoras in urban locations would be higher than in remote forests, that there would be a decrease of species richness along the invasion process because of environmental filtering, and that there would be a functional shift among Phytophthora communities between stages of invasion. We compared the species composition of 96 sites from 16 rivers running through areas that constitute a gradient of human influence. We also compared the species composition and functional diversity of Phytophthora communities in eight nurseries and 14 forests, including anthropogenic and natural forests. Phytophthoras were isolated from river water, soil and/or plant tissue. Cultures were identified based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer region. Three Phytophthoras were detected in all environments (Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora plurivora and Phytophthora cambivora). The incidence of these species was higher in urban locations than in remote forests, suggesting that human activities act as a driver of invasion. Most of the Phytophthoras detected in forests were detected in nurseries. The Phytophthora community in nurseries was richer and more diverse than in forests, pointing to environmental filtering affecting the establishment. Phytophthora communities in nurseries and forests differed in their functional divergence. Traits associated with establishment were the ability to form asexual survival structures and lower cardinal temperatures for growth. Synthesis and applications. Our findings support the view that human activities act as drivers of Phytophthora invasions, and suggest that Phytophthoras able to form asexual structures are more likely to establish in northern Europe. The results increase the capacity to predict the establishment of Phytophthora species in Sweden and expand our understanding of the invasion process of forest pathogens.

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An overview of Australia’s Phytophthora species assemblage in natural ecosystems recovered from a survey in Victoria

Cited by 22 publications

References 55 publications

Distribution and diversity of Phytophthora across Australia

Distribution and diversity of Phytophthora across Australia

Predictors of Phytophthora diversity and community composition in natural areas across diverse Australian ecoregions

Functional traits associated with the establishment of introduced Phytophthora spp. in Swedish forests

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