An overview of atmospheric water harvesting methods, the inevitable path of the future in water supply

Ahrestani, Zahra; Sadeghzadeh, Sadegh; Emrooz, Hosein Banna Motejadded

doi:10.1039/d2ra07733g

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…Today, population growth, soaring living standards, global warming, and the uncertainties of climatic variability have already affected water availability, demands, and uneven water distribution, causing more than two billion people to live in waterdeficient areas or during water crises [41,42]. Different strategies and dedicated materials were researched for water extraction from atmospheric air devoted to the enhancement of water productivity and versatility in applications [30][31][32][33][34][43][44][45][46][47] particularly in arid regions for the alleviation of water scarcity [42]. While storing water is important, there are limits to how much we can store.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Footprint Reduction by Reclaiming Condensed Water

Leung,

Cheng

2024

Sustainability

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Everyday activity incurs carbon footprints, which are classified as personal, production, organizational and national, and may be assessed by input–output analysis (IOA), life-cycle assessment (LCA), or the combination of LCA and IOA methods. Notwithstanding international standards, like ISO 14064 and Publicly Available Specification (PAS) released for standardization, carbon footprint results can vary and sometimes lack consistency that due to variations in data sources, crossover boundary definitions, and operational boundaries for indirect emissions. The novelty of this study is the direct utilization of condensed water in an existing cooling water system, without the need for prior wastewater treatment, as typically required for greywater. The lack of practical case studies exploring the water–energy nexus in the context of reclaiming condensed water for evaporative cooling tower systems makes this research particularly significant. This highlights that condensed water can be a straightforward and cost-effective solution for both water conservation and energy savings. This case study highlights the benefits of reclaiming condensed water as supplementary cooling water, which proved effective in water quality treatment and dilution augmentation, considering that a higher cycle of concentration (CoC) was achieved, leading to reduced bleed-off that resulted in a water saving of 44% for make-up and 80% for bleed-off water, and energy savings from 6.9% to 13.1% per degree Celsius of condensing refrigerant temperature (CRT). The analytical assessment revealed that reclaiming condensed water is a promising answer for green building and is a by-product of condensation without extra power demands, avoiding the generation of an increased carbon footprint and exacerbation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from freshwater resource extraction, and for the production of energy-efficient devices or substitutions. By eliminating the need for wastewater treatment, this research enhances the practicality and feasibility of direct use of condensed water in various applications. This approach not only promotes sustainability by conserving water and energy but also renews interest among proponents of green building practices. It has the potential to accelerate the adoption of this method and integrate it into green building designs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Footprint Reduction by Reclaiming Condensed Water

Leung,

Cheng

2024

Sustainability

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“…Some of them are already mature and can be found on the market [36], while others are still in the developing stage. An exhaustive review of the field state-of-the-art techniques can be found in many recent works, such as the work published by the authors of [37], which deeply analyzes the current techniques development, or that published by the authors of [38], which underlines the importance of the development of atmospheric water harvesting in the future, or that published by the authors of [39], which particularly focused on the water extraction from air analyses in remote areas of the planet.…”

Section: Water Extraction From the Air: A Brief Summary Of The Curren...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Suitability and Energy Sustainability of Atmospheric Water Generation Technology for Green Hydrogen Production

Cattani,

Magrini

et al. 2023

Energies

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This research investigated the suitability of air-to-water generator (AWG) technology to address one of the main concerns in green hydrogen production, namely water supply. This study specifically addresses water quality and energy sustainability issues, which are crucial research questions when AWG technology is intended for electrolysis. To this scope, a reasoned summary of the main findings related to atmospheric water quality has been provided. Moreover, several experimental chemical analyses specifically focused on meeting electrolysis process requirements, on water produced using a real integrated AWG system equipped with certified materials for food contact, were discussed. To assess the energy sustainability of AWGs in green hydrogen production, a case study was presented regarding an electrolyzer plant intended to serve as energy storage for a 2 MW photovoltaic field on Iriomote Island. The integrated AWG, used for the water quality analyses, was studied in order to determine its performance in the specific island climate conditions. The production exceeded the needs of the electrolyzer; thus, the overproduction was considered for the panels cleaning due to the high purity of the water. Due to such an operation, the efficiency recovery was more than enough to cover the AWG energy consumption. This paper, on the basis of the quantity results, provides the first answers to the said research questions concerning water quality and energy consumption, establishing the potential of AWG as a viable solution for addressing water scarcity, and enhancing the sustainability of electrolysis processes in green hydrogen production.

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“…MOF-303 was first synthesized in 2018 by the Yaghi group [ 5 ], and so far, there are not many papers devoted to this MOF. Moreover, studies on MOF-303 have been mainly dedicated to atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], and this MOF has been identified as one of the most efficient mediums for this application [ 21 ]. It quickly turned out that it is also a very good adsorbent for CO 2 [ 22 ], SO 2 [ 23 ], NH 3 [ 24 ], C 2 H 2 [ 25 ], Xe [ 26 ], alcohols [ 27 ], particulate matters [ 28 ], water contaminants [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], separation [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], and other applications [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanochemical Synthesis of MOF-303 and Its CO2 Adsorption at Ambient Conditions

Głowniak,

Szczęśniak,

Choma

et al. 2024

Molecules

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Metal–organic structures have great potential for practical applications in many areas. However, their widespread use is often hindered by time-consuming and expensive synthesis procedures that often involve hazardous solvents and, therefore, generate wastes that need to be remediated and/or recycled. The development of cleaner, safer, and more sustainable synthesis methods is extremely important and is needed in the context of green chemistry. In this work, a facile mechanochemical method involving water-assisted ball milling was used for the synthesis of MOF-303. The obtained MOF-303 exhibited a high specific surface area of 1180 m2/g and showed an excellent CO2 adsorption capacity of 9.5 mmol/g at 0 °C and under 1 bar.

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An overview of atmospheric water harvesting methods, the inevitable path of the future in water supply

Abstract: Although science has made great strides in recent years, access to fresh water remains a major challenge for humanity due to water shortage for two-thirds of the world's population.

Cited by 18 publications

References 149 publications

Carbon Footprint Reduction by Reclaiming Condensed Water

Carbon Footprint Reduction by Reclaiming Condensed Water

Suitability and Energy Sustainability of Atmospheric Water Generation Technology for Green Hydrogen Production

Mechanochemical Synthesis of MOF-303 and Its CO2 Adsorption at Ambient Conditions

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