An Overview of Acetic Acid Ulcer Models<br>&mdash;The History and State of the Art of Peptic Ulcer Research&mdash;

Abstract

Four types of experimental chronic ulcer models, named acetic acid ulcer models, have been developed to examine the healing process of peptic ulcers, screen anti-ulcer drugs, and better evaluate the adverse effects of various anti-inflammatory drugs on the gastrointestinal mucosa. The model easily and reliably produces round, deep ulcers in the stomach and duodenum, allowing acetic acid ulcer production in mice, rats, Mongolian gerbils, guinea pigs, cats, dogs, miniature pigs, and monkeys. These ulcer models highly resemble human ulcers in terms of both pathological features and healing process. The models have been established over the past 35 years and are now used throughout the world by basic and clinical scientists. One of the characteristic features of acetic acid ulcers in rats is the spontaneous relapse of healed ulcers Ͼ100 d after ulceration, an endoscopically confirmed phenomenon. Indomethacin significantly delays the healing of acetic acid ulcers, probably by reducing endogenous prostaglandins and inhibiting angiogenesis in ulcerated tissue. Helicobacter pylori significantly delays healing of acetic acid ulcers and causes relapse of healed ulcers at a high incidence in Mongolian gerbils. Anti-secretory drugs (e.g. omeprazole), prostaglandin analogs, mucosal defense agents (e.g. sucralfate), and various growth factors all significantly enhance healing of acetic acid ulcers. Gene therapy with epidermal growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor applied to the base of acetic acid ulcers in rats is effective in enhancing ulcer healing. Since an inhibitor of nitric oxide syntase prevents ulcer healing, nitric oxide might be involved in the mechanism underlying ulcer healing. We conclude that acetic acid ulcer models are quite useful for various studies related to peptic ulcers.

Muc-2–Deficient Mice Display a Sex-Specific, COX-2–Related Impairment of Gastric Mucosal Repair

“…12,16 Briefly, a laparotomy was performed, and acetic acid (200 L, 20% v/v) was applied to a 28-mm 2 area on the serosal wall of the stomach. After 1 minute, the acetic acid was removed and the exposed area was rinsed three times with 200 L of sterile isotonic saline.…”

The Purview of Phytotherapy in the Management of Gastric Ulcer

“…Investigation on the phytotherapeutic applications of medicinal plants that are highly valued and widely used in the traditional systems of medicine have been and still providing efficient formulation for better management of SU [2,22]. NSAIDs (aspirin, indomethacin and ibuprofen) Gastric acid secretion and inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase activity [22] Water-immersion/cold-restraint stress Release of histamine resulting in increased acid secretion, decreased mucus production and poor flow of gastric blood [23,24] Ethanol Solubilizes mucous membrane and renders it vulnerable to the proteolytic and hydrolytic actions of HCl and pepsin [25] Acetic acid Induces round, deep ulcers in the stomach through over production of acid secretion [26] Histamine Acid stimulating and vasodilating effect that results to increased vascular permeability of the gastric mucosa…”

In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity of Natural Products

“…TNF-also inhibits gastric secretion, although to a lesser extent than IL-1 and is found, together with IL-10, elevated in patients with chronic gastritis associated with H. pylori infection (El-Omar, 2004). VEGF has been mentioned as a cicatrisation-promoting factor in gastric ulcer (Okabe and Amagase, 2005).…”