“…This integration results in superior accuracy compared to what any of the other systems can provide on their own [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. A typical aiding source may consist of an inertial navigation system (INS) [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], speed sensors [ 14 , 15 ], light detection and ranging (LiDAR) [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], vision sensors [ 19 , 20 , 21 ], maps [ 22 , 23 , 24 ] etc. There are two major GPS/INS integration schemes, which are referred to as loosely-coupled (TC) or tightly-coupled (TC).…”