An outbreak of measles associated with an international dog show in Slovenia, November 2014

Grgič-Vitek, Marta; Frelih, Tatjana; Učakar, Veronika; Fafangel, Mario; Markočič, O. Jordan; Prosenc, Katarina; Kraigher, Alenka

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.3.21012

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Most cases (39) were adults. Five were unvaccinated children [80]. Also, a multistate measles outbreak that caught global attention occurred at the Disney theme parks in California, USA [81].…”

Section: Others Religious Meetingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious Diseases and Mass Gatherings

Hoang

Gautret

2018

Curr Infect Dis Rep

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In the context of Hajj, one of the largest religious MGs at Mecca, Saudi Arabia, respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of infectious diseases in pilgrims with a prevalence of 50-93%. The most commonly acquired respiratory viruses were human rhinovirus, followed by human coronaviruses and influenza A virus, in decreasing order. Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the predominant bacteria. The prevalence of Hajj-related diarrhea ranged from 1.1 to 23.3% and etiologies included Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli, with evidence of acquisition of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. In other MGs such as Muslim, Christian, and Hindu religious events, sports events, and large-scale open-air festivals, outbreaks have been reported less frequently. The most common outbreaks at these events involved diseases preventable by vaccination, notably measles and influenza. Gastrointestinal infections caused by a variety of pathogens were also recorded. Because social distancing and contact avoidance are difficult measures to implement in the context of many MGs, individual preventive measures including vaccination, use of face mask, disposable handkerchief and hand hygiene may be recommended. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these measures has been poorly investigated in the context of MGs.

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Section: Others Religious Meetingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious Diseases and Mass Gatherings

Hoang

Gautret

2018

Curr Infect Dis Rep

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“…

The letter by Filia et al [1] provides interesting additional information on the measles outbreak linked to an international dog show, reported in our paper recently published in Eurosurveillance [2]. After its publication, no additional measles cases linked to this outbreak were reported in Slovenia, and the number has remained at 44.

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mentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Namely, in 2014, measles virus D8 (with exact matching sequence) has been identified in many European countries [2]. In Slovenia, D8 genotype was also observed in one of the cases linked to the outbreak in Bosnia and Herzegovina which were reported in the same period (November to December 2014) [2].…”

Section: Molecular Characterisation Of Viruses From Cases Linked To Imentioning

confidence: 97%

Authors’ response: Measles outbreak linked to an international dog show in Slovenia, 2014

Grgič-Vitek

article²

2015

Eurosurveillance

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The letter by Filia et al. [1] provides interesting additional information on the measles outbreak linked to an international dog show, reported in our paper recently published in Eurosurveillance [2]. After its publication, no additional measles cases linked to this outbreak were reported in Slovenia, and the number has remained at 44. Together with 18 Italian cases and one detected in Belgium, this gives a total of 63 measles cases linked to this outbreak.In addition to data on measles cases, the Italian authors have also provided data on age and vaccination status of the participants at the dog show. In Slovenia, we only focused on measles cases and contact tracing; demographic information for the Slovenian participants at the dog show was not available. The median age of participating population from Italy was 45 years, five years higher than the median age of the cases reported in Slovenia. Data on vaccination status of the Slovenian participants were not available. The majority (77.1%) of the Italian participants was unvaccinated. In Slovenia, vaccination coverage was high during the last decades, thus we assume that a smaller proportion of the participants were unvaccinated since also the proportion of unvaccinated cases was smaller (23/44; 52%).When comparing the median age of Italian and of Slovenian measles cases, our cases were older (31 in Italy as compared with 40 years of age in Slovenia). In addition, the vaccination status of the cases was different: among Italian cases only two (11%) were vaccinated with one dose, while nearly half (21/44) of the Slovenian cases were vaccinated with one (nine cases) or two (12 cases) doses. It is interesting to note that among 18 Italian measles cases detected, there were mostly women, only two cases were in men (though 47.4% of participants were male), while nearly half (19/44) of the Slovenian cases were male.

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“…Outbreaks of respiratory tract infections due to influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 (totalizing 71 cases) were recorded during the year 2009 at various music festivals in Belgium, Hungary, and Serbia (100,000-4,000,000 participants each). [73][74][75] Outbreaks of measles occurred at various MGs (totalizing 281 cases), including a large wedding in Spain (2010), 76 a music festival in Germany in 2011 (50,000 participants), 77 an international dog show in Slovenia in 2014 (11,000 participants) resulting in a chain of transmission in Italia, 78,79 and at the Disney theme parks in California in 2014-2015 (24 million annual attendance) resulting in a multistate outbreak. 80,81 Finally, an outbreak of mumps (77 cases) was recorded at an annual village festival in Spain in 2006 (>4500 participants).…”

Section: Festivals and Private Mass Gatheringsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulation of respiratory pathogens at mass gatherings, with special focus on the Hajj pilgrimage

Benkouiten

2016

The Microbiology of Respiratory System Infections

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An outbreak of measles associated with an international dog show in Slovenia, November 2014

Cited by 12 publications

References 8 publications

Infectious Diseases and Mass Gatherings

Infectious Diseases and Mass Gatherings

Authors’ response: Measles outbreak linked to an international dog show in Slovenia, 2014

Circulation of respiratory pathogens at mass gatherings, with special focus on the Hajj pilgrimage

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