An Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H7N7) in Australia and the Potential for Novel Influenza A Viruses to Emerge

Bisset, A; Hoyne, Gerard F.

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9081639

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Three articles and one review were devoted to one of the most urgent global problems—avian influenza virus control. In a detailed review, Bisset et al [ 1 ] analysed the potential of current highly pathogenic avian influenza (H7N7) virus in Australia for further influenza virus evolution and spread worldwide. Looking at the history of H7N7 in Australia, the authors consider in detail the possibility of increasing virulence and pathogenesis due to mutations, paying special attention to the Australian ostrich as a potentially unrecognized vessel for the mixing and reassortment of viruses.…”

Section: Results and Progressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Pathogens: Editorial and the Perspectives of Research

Sharshov

2022

Microorganisms

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In the last ten years, humanity has faced new challenges in the field of human and animal health, including emerging viral infections. The widespread occurrence of emerging and re-emerging pathogens (e.g., highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV), the new COVID-2019 of zoonotic nature, coronaviruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)) presents a serious threat to humans. Avian pathogens cause devastating economic losses in poultry industries worldwide. Poultry is one of the main sources of protein in Asia. For instance, in China alone, with a population of more than 1.3 billion people, poultry meat consumption has increased to 19.6 kg/year per person (FAO). According to official estimates, this is over 25 million tons per year, or more than 12.7 billion birds. Therefore, poultry farming in Southeast Asia is considered one of the main “vessels” where avian pathogens can evolve. Wild bird migration makes the spread of these pathogens to other regions increasingly likely, as we have seen worldwide with the H5N8 influenza virus. In addition, avian pathogens can cause devastating epizootics among wild birds and threaten the planet’s bioresources. The importance of wild birds as potential vectors of disease has received recent renewed interest, especially in the frame of the global virome/microbiome concept. Understanding the spread of bacterial and viral pathogens in wild birds may serve as a useful model for examining the spread of other disease organisms, both among birds, and from birds to other taxa. This Special Issue aims to summarize recent advances and to attract new research articles that address existing pathogens in poultry and wild birds. It also aims to compare the epidemiological situation across avian pathogens or countries.

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Section: Results and Progressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Pathogens: Editorial and the Perspectives of Research

Sharshov

2022

Microorganisms

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“…The substitution E627K enhances replication and the pathogenicity of H5 HPAIVs in mammalian hosts [ 34 , 35 ], and the amino acid at position 627 in PB2 is reportedly exclusively glutamic acid in bird isolates and lysine in human isolates [ 36 , 37 ]. Internal tissues and organs of emus co-express α-2,3 and α-2,6 sialic acid receptors [ 38 ]. In the present study, emus are sensitive to avian-origin H5 HPAIVs and selected viruses with the substitution E627K in PB2, which can enhance replication in mammalian hosts, whereas our emu isolates had no substitutions that are deduced to increase the preference for α-2,6 sialic acid receptors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of H5N1 and H5N8 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Japan in Winter 2021–2022

Mine,

Takadate,

Kumagai

et al. 2024

Viruses

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In winter 2021–2022, H5N1 and H5N8 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses (HPAIVs) caused serious outbreaks in Japan: 25 outbreaks of HPAI at poultry farms and 107 cases in wild birds or in the environment. Phylogenetic analyses divided H5 HPAIVs isolated in Japan in the winter of 2021–2022 into three groups—G2a, G2b, and G2d—which were disseminated at different locations and times. Full-genome sequencing analyses of these HPAIVs revealed a strong relationship of multiple genes between Japan and Siberia, suggesting that they arose from reassortment events with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in Siberia. The results emphasize the complex of dissemination and reassortment events with the movement of migratory birds, and the importance of continual monitoring of AIVs in Japan and Siberia for early alerts to the intrusion of HPAIVs.

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“…Comparable expression levels of α2,3-SA and α2,6-SA were observed in the ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, and non-ciliated epithelial cells, while a higher α2,6-SA expression was detected in the submucosa of the respiratory tract [403]. Moreover, both receptors were detected in the kidneys, cecal tonsils, lymphoid organs, spleen, and cardiac endothelial cells and α2,6-SA was dominant in the epithelial cells of the proventriculus and duodenum [402]. 4.16.9.…”

Section: Emusmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…They are kept for meat, feather, and leather production. Emus are susceptible to AIVs and pandemic influenza viruses [402].…”

Section: Emusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts

Abdelwhab

Mettenleiter

2023

Viruses

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Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in “mixing vessel” hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.

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An Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H7N7) in Australia and the Potential for Novel Influenza A Viruses to Emerge

Cited by 8 publications

References 65 publications

Avian Pathogens: Editorial and the Perspectives of Research

Avian Pathogens: Editorial and the Perspectives of Research

Genetics of H5N1 and H5N8 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated in Japan in Winter 2021–2022

Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts

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