An orthogonal lead system for clinical electrocardiography

Resistivity of Body Tissues at Low Frequencies

“…Among such models previously used are (a) the homogeneous thorax, (b) the homogeneous heart-blood mass with higher resistance exterior, 16 and (c) blood cavities of low resistivity surrounded by homogeneous tissue of resistivity ten times higher. 0 The data of this study present a more complex picture as can be seen in the schematic drawing of figure 7 in which a mean resistivity of 400 ohm-cm for the outer thorax layer; skin, fat, muscle, and bone has been used,…”

Dispersion of ventricular repolarization and arrhythmia: study of two consecutive ventricular premature complexes.

“…The details of the method have been previously described. '^2 Six suction electrodes were applied to record MAPs at the following locations: (1) on the anterior surface of the right ventricle, (2) on the anterior surface of the left ventricle between the second diagonal branch and the distal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), (3) on the anterior surface of left ventricle between the first and the second diagonal branches of the LAD, (4) on the anterior surface of the left ventricle either medial or lateral to the first diagonal branch of the LAD, and (5) and (6) For pacing and programmed premature stimulation, one bipolar pacing electrode was attached to the right atrium and two electrodes were attached to the left ventricle, one within 5 mm of electrode 2 (paraseptal side) and the other within 5 mm of electrode 6 (lateral site). The stimulus during atrial pacing was a rectangular pulse of 2 msec duration and of two times diastolic threshold strength.…”

Cardiogoniometry

“…Lead systems using this method are SVEC III from Schmitt andSimonson (1955), Frank (1956) and McFee and Parungao (1961); they are reproducible and considered equivalent. The authors admit however, that all three systems will give exact orthogonal leads in the model only.…”