An optimized design for a moored instrument array in the tropical Atlantic Ocean

Hackert, Eric C.; Miller, Robert N.; Busalacchi, Antonio J.

doi:10.1029/97jc03206

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Arnold and Dey, 1986;Rohaly and Krishnamurti, 1993). Previous oceanographic applications to sampling strategy optimization, or assessment towards optimization, are reported by Kindle (1986), Barth and Wunsch (1990), Bennett (1990), Hernandez et al (1994) and Hackert et al (1998). OSSEs were also recently applied to observing systems design assessment in the Atlantic Ocean, using statistical methods (Guinehut et al, 2002(Guinehut et al, , 2004, in the Mediterranean Sea, using twin experiments (Raicich and Rampazzo, 2003;Griffa et al, 2006;Taillandier et al, 2006) and in the Baltic Sea and North Sea, in the Optimal Design of Observational Networks project (She et al, 2006).…”

Section: F Raicich: Ts Sampling Strategy Assessment In the Mediterramentioning

confidence: 99%

The assessment of temperature and salinity sampling strategies in the Mediterranean Sea: idealized and real cases

Raicich

2006

Ocean Sci.

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Abstract. Temperature and salinity sampling strategies are studied and compared by means of the Observing System Simulation Experiment technique in order to assess their usefulness for data assimilation in the framework of the Mediterranean Forecasting System. Their impact in a Mediterranean General Circulation Model is quantified in numerical twin experiments via bivariate data assimilation of temperature and salinity profiles in summer and winter conditions, using the optimal interpolation algorithm implemented in the System for Ocean Forecasting and Analysis. The data impact is quantified by the error reduction in the assimilation run relative to the free run.The sampling strategies studied here include various combinations of temperature and salinity profiles collected along Volunteer Observing Ship (VOS) tracks, by Mediterranean Multi-sensor Moored Arrays (M3A), a Glider and ARGO floating profilers. Idealized sampling strategies involving VOS data allow to recognize the impact of individual tracks. As a result, the most effective tracks are those crossing regions characterized by high mesoscale variability and the presence of frontal structures between water masses.Sampling strategies adopted in summer-autumn 2004 and winter 2005 are studied to assess the impact of VOS and ARGO data in real conditions. The combination of all available data allows to achieve up to 30% error reductions. ARGO data produce a small impact when alone, but represent the only continuous coverage of the basin and are useful as a complement to VOS data sets.Localized data sets, as those obtained by M3As and the Glider, seem to have an almost negligible impact in the basinscale assessment, and are expected to be more effective at regional scale.

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Section: F Raicich: Ts Sampling Strategy Assessment In the Mediterramentioning

confidence: 99%

The assessment of temperature and salinity sampling strategies in the Mediterranean Sea: idealized and real cases

Raicich

2006

Ocean Sci.

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“…In order to get a better design, it is clear that objective assessments of existing observational networks are critically necessary. As a result, the observational network assessment has become a hot topic over decades (McIntosh, 1987;Barth and Wunsch, 1990;Kelly, 1997;Kuo et al, 1998;Hackert et al, 1998;Bishop et al, 2001;Hirschi et al, 2003;Schiller et al, 2004;Oke and Schiller, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In practice, the statistical and dynamical methods are very popular. With regard to the dynamic methods, Observing System Experiment (OSE) and Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) have been widely used in the assessment and design of ocean observing systems (McIntosh, 1987;Hackert et al, 1998;Hirschi et al, 2003;Oke and Schiler, 2007;Sakov and Oke, 2008). The advantage of OSEs/OSSEs lies in that model dynamics are used in reconstructing the ocean state together with the observations, which reduces the data requirements from the observational networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the three dimensional temperature and salinity observational networks in the Baltic Sea and North Sea

Høyer

She

2011

Ocean Sci.

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Abstract. The spatial averaged correlations are presented in 1.5 • × 1.5 • bins for the North and Baltic Sea region. The averaged correlations are computed based on the proxy ocean data generated by the operational forecast model of Danish Meteorology Institute (DMI). It is shown that the spatial distribution of the averaged correlations could reflect the overall influence of the local atmospheric forcing, complex topography, coastlines, boundary and bottom effect, etc. Comparisons with the satellite SST data demonstrate that the proxy ocean data reproduce realistic results at the surface. Based on the spatial bin-averaged correlations, a general correlation model is assumed to approximate the spatial and temporal correlation structure. Parameters of the correlation model are obtained on the standard Levitus levels. It is found that the correlation model is not the typical Guaussian-type function. For instance, the exponents of the correlation model vary in the longitudinal direction from 0.75 at the surface to 1.33 at the depth of 250 m for temperature. For salinity, the temporal correlation can be approximated with an exponential function.Two complementary quality-indicators, effective coverage rate and "explained" variance, are defined based on the correlation models obtained above. The two indicators are able to identify the "influence area" of the information content in a given observation network and the relative importance of observations at different locations. By these indicators, the 3-D temperature and salinity observational networks are assessed in the Baltic Sea and North Sea for the period 2004-2006. It is found that the surface level is more effectively covered than the deep waters with existing networks. In addition, the Belt Sea and the Baltic Proper also show good coverage for both temperature and salinity. However, more observations are required in the Norwegian Trench and Kattegat. In the

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“…Despite this limitation, OSSEs provide a very useful tool and they have been widely used to assess the quality of observing systems in the atmosphere (e.g. Arnold and Dey, 1986;Rohaly and Krishnamurti, 1993) and in the ocean (Kindle, 1986;Bennett, 1990;Barth and Wunsch, 1990;Hernandez et al, 1994;Hackert et al, 1998;Raicich and Rampazzo, 2003;She et al, 2006). The present application builds on a previous work performed in the Mediterranean Sea in the framework of the MFSPP (Mediterranean Forecasting System Pilot Project, Raicich and Rampazzo, 2003) focused on assessing the impact of assimilating XBT data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the impact of TS assimilation from ARGO floats in the Mediterranean Sea

et al. 2006

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Abstract. In this paper, the impact of assimilating Temperature (T) and Salinity (S) profiles from Argo floats in the Mediterranean Sea is quantitatively investigated using the Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSE) approach. The impact of varying the number of floats and their launch positions is considered, using numerical simulations with a MOM model and a reduced-order multivariate Optimal Interpolation scheme (SOFA) for assimilation. Realistic float coverage and launch positions used during the first MF-STEP phase are considered, as well as "ideal" density coverage that can be envisioned for the future, corresponding to a double coverage with respect to MFSTEP and with floats released along the VOS tracks. The most effective float trajectories are identified, showing that frontal regions play a major role, and that it is crucial to maintain a sufficient coverage of them. In addition to this, a comparison is also performed between the results obtained from MEDARGO floats in ideal conditions and results from "ideal" profiles taken at fixed points along the VOS tracks, as for the XBT data. For consistency the coverage considered is double the actual XBT coverage during MFSTEP, resulting in a threefold increase in the number of profiles compared to the MEDARGO experiment. The maximum error reduction is of approximately 10%, suggesting that spatially coarser profiles from floats can be more efficient since they follow flow features.

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An optimized design for a moored instrument array in the tropical Atlantic Ocean

Cited by 45 publications

References 39 publications

The assessment of temperature and salinity sampling strategies in the Mediterranean Sea: idealized and real cases

The assessment of temperature and salinity sampling strategies in the Mediterranean Sea: idealized and real cases

Assessment of the three dimensional temperature and salinity observational networks in the Baltic Sea and North Sea

Assessment of the impact of TS assimilation from ARGO floats in the Mediterranean Sea

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