“…In this regard, improving critical infrastructure systems, such as electric power, water supply, transportation, and communication systems, has been very important due to their essential roles in the smooth functioning of modern societies. There exist many mitigation strategies proposed by researchers in the literature for infrastructure systems, including deploying backup systems (Adachi & Ellingwood, 2008), improving system topology (Dawson, Peppe, & Wang, 2011;Dueñas-Osorio, Craig, Goodno, & Bostrom, 2007;Najafi, Peiravi, & Guerrero, 2018;Rupi, Bernardi, Rossi, & Danesi, 2015), expanding system capacity (L. Chang, Peng, Ouyang, Elnashai, & Spencer, 2012;Hackl, Lam, Heitzler, Adey, & Hurni, 2018;Kouvelis & Tian, 2014;Romero, Nozick, Dobson, Xu, & Jones, 2013;Scherb, Garrè, & Straub, 2017), and retrofitting critical components (Dong, Frangopol, & Sabatino, 2015;Du & Peeta, 2014;Gomez & Baker, 2019;Kraft, Erhun, Carlson, & Rafinejad, 2013;Miller-Hooks, Zhang, & Faturechi, 2012;Panteli, Trakas, Mancarella, & Hatziargyriou, 2017;Peeta, Salman, Gunnec, & Viswanath, 2010;Romero, Nozick, Dobson, Xu, & Jones, 2015;Salman & Li, 2018;Yan et al, 2017;Zhang & Wang, 2016). Here, components refer to physical engineering facilities, which work together to provide infrastructure services, such as substations, transmission towers for electric power systems, and tanks and pipes for water supply systems.…”