“…For example, Abdelghany et al, 2016 [16], proposed a dynamic network loading model and a cellular automata model for the top and bottom layers, respectively, for pedestrian flow simulation with different resolutions, and their simulation results matched the measured passage bottlenecks and high-density areas of the Mecca pilgrimage site. Zhang and Jia, 2021 [17], and Wang et al, 2023 [18], proposed a hybrid model combining CTM and CA to simulate the pedestrian flow evacuation scenarios for large places with multiple exits and fire situations, respectively. The top layer of these hybrid models typically uses a network or grid structure to model the site as a whole, which can then be simulated using a simplified macro model.…”