An Optimal Dispatching Model for Integrated Energy Microgrid Considering the Reliability Principal–Agent Contract

Abstract

As the increasing penetration of sustainable energy brings risks and opportunities for energy system reliability, at the same time, considering the multi-dimensional differentiation of users’ reliability demands can further explore the potential value of reliability resources in Integrated Energy Microgrid (IEM). To activate the reliability resources in a market-oriented perspective and flexibly optimize the operational reservation in dispatch, an optimal dispatching model in IEM considering reliability principal–agent contracts is proposed. We establish the reliability principal–agent mechanism and propose a cooperative gaming model of Integrated Energy Operator (IEO) and Integrated Energy User (IEU) based on the optimal dispatching model. At the upper level, the economic dispatching model of IEO is established to optimize the operation reservation, and the reliability principal–agent contract from users in the lower level would influence reliability improvement. Each IEU in the lower level maximizes its energy utilization and gives the corresponding reliability principal–agent incentives according to the reliability improvement degree and its actual demand. The bi-level model is solved by the KKT condition and strong duality theorem. A case study verifies the effectiveness of the proposed model in reducing the energy dispatch cost, improving the economic benefits of each participant, realizing the optimal allocation of reliability resources and optimizing the IEM energy structure, and the sensitivity analysis of dispatch cost with the user’s energy-using benefits is discussed.

Economic Boundary Analysis of Echelon Utilization of Retired Power Battery Considering Replacement Cost

“…The decommissioned power battery model is solved by a genetic algorithm (Chen, 2016;Hlal et al, 2019;Saini and Gidwani, 2022;Jiang et al, 2019), in which the original load (Wei et al, 2021) and peak adjusted curve are shown in Figure 2, and the output curve after peak shaving of the decommissioned power battery is shown in Figure 3. Assuming that the decommissioned power battery's service life and project life are both 5 years, no need exists for replacement costs at this time, and the annual investment cost and income of the decommissioned power battery are shown in Table 4.…”