An opponent-process theory of motivation: II. Cigarette addiction.

Solomon, Richard L.; Corbit, John D.

doi:10.1037/h0034534

Cited by 282 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The inhibitory modulation of affective reactions demonstrated in the present study is consistent with opponent processes theories of inhibitory learning (Dickinson & Dearing, 1979;Konorski, 1948;1967;Solomon & Corbit, 1978) based on the observation of approachwithdrawal reactions (Hearst et al, 1980;Hearst & Franklin, 1977;Wasserman et al, 1974).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…These direct behavioural tests of conditioned inhibition are unlikely to be confounded by attentional processes and yield results consistent with opponent processes theories of inhibitory learning (Dickinson & Dearing, 1979;Konorski, 1948;1967;Solomon & Corbit, 1978). For example, a subject will approach a CS+ for an appetitive outcome such as food.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…To our knowledge, there has been only one successful demonstration of conditioned inhibition via both summation and retardation in humans, and this was in a non-standard backward conditioned inhibition procedure (Urcelay et al, 2008). Retardation tests may present a particular challenge in that inhibitors are known to generate opponent processes (Dickinson & Dearing, 1979;Konorski, 1948;1967;Solomon & Corbit, 1978). Thus, stimuli used as inhibitors in experimental studies start neutral but over time an inhibitor for a salient negative outcome should acquire positivity (Konorski, 1967).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conditioned inhibition of emotional responses: Retardation and summation with cues for IAPS outcomes

Thurston

Cassaday

2015

Learning and Motivation

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conditioned inhibition of emotional responses: Retardation and summation with cues for IAPS outcomes

Thurston

Cassaday

2015

Learning and Motivation

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“…This theory postulates that the initial effects of the drug are opposed or counteracted by homeostatic changes in systems that mediate primary drug effects (Solomon and Corbit, 1974;Siegel, 1975). These neurobiological changes occur within the system that directly mediates the acute action of the drug or involve other systems that are recruited during chronic drug administration and are revealed at the cessation of the treatments (Koob and Le Moal, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Withdrawal from Chronic Phencyclidine Treatment Induces Long-Lasting Depression in Brain Reward Function

Spielewoy

Markou

2002

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Phencyclidine (PCP) is a drug of abuse that has rewarding and dysphoric effects in humans. The complex actions of PCP, and PCP withdrawal in particular, on brain reward function remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the effects of withdrawal from acute and chronic PCP treatment on brain reward function in rats. A brain stimulation reward procedure was used to evaluate the effects of acute PCP injection (0, 5, or 10 mg/kg) or chronic PCP treatment (0, 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg/day for 14 days delivered via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps) on brain reward function. Withdrawal from acute administration of 5 and 10 mg/kg PCP produced a decrease in brain reward function as indicated by a sustained elevation in brain reward thresholds. When administered chronically, 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg/day PCP induced a progressive dose-dependent potentiation of brain stimulation reward, while cessation of the treatment resulted in significant elevations in reward thresholds reflecting diminished reward. Specifically, withdrawal from 15 or 20 mg/ kg/day PCP induced a depression in brain reward function that lasted for the entire month of observation. These results indicate that prolonged continuous administration of high PCP doses facilitates brain stimulation reward, while withdrawal from acute high PCP doses or chronic PCP treatment results in a protracted depression of brain reward function that may be analogous to the dysphoric and anhedonic symptoms observed in PCP dependence, depression, and schizophrenia.

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“…Hedonic tone is an important [Engel, 1977;Solomon, 1974;Stolerman, 19921, but not exclusive [Wise and Bozarth, 19871, facet of reinforcement since many drugs of abuse are dysphoric on first presentation yet self-administration continues. In animals, it has been suggested that positive hedonic tone increases the strength of reinforcement and sensitivity to the effects of the reinforcer (in this case, alcohol); anhedonia has the opposite consequence [Solomon and Corbitt, 1974;Carr et al, 1989;Stolerman, 1992;Papp et al, 1992; W i h e r et al, 19921. For example, animals exposed to chronic mild stress (CM S)-which produces a model of anhedonia-show reduced sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of the D,/D, agonist quinpirole [Willner et al, 19921.…”

Section: Stimulation Of Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine Release By Drugs Omentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol‐induced reinforcement: Dopamine and 5‐HT₃ receptor interactions in animals and humans

Johnson

Cowen

1993

Drug Development Research

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Alcohol abuse i s a major health problem worldwide. Whatever the treatment goal, be it abstinence or "controlled" drinking, the outcome from both pharmacological and nonbiological treatments remains disappointing. Behavioural experiments in animals have suggested that the reinforcing properties of alcohol, like other drugs of abuse, are critical to drug-seeking behaviour. Dopaminergic fibres running from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens may play a central role in mediating the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse including alcohol. Thus, alcohol increases extracellular levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and dopamine receptor antagonists decrease alcohol consumption in a number of behavioural paradigms. A recently described subtype of serotonin (5-HT) receptor, the 5-HT3 receptor, appears to modulate the effects of alcohol on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. In rodents, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists inhibit alcohol-induced doparnine release in the nucleus accumbens. Further, in behavioural studies, 5-HT3 receptor blockade decreases alcohol consumption in a free-choice paradigm. In humans, reinforcement i s difficult to measure directly. Nevertheless, the pleasurable subjective effects of alcohol are important behavioural correlates of the reinforcement process. Our preliminary findings in humans suggest that the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron, can attenuate some of the pleasurable effects of a small dose of alcohol including the subjective desire to drink. We speculate, although we have no direct evidence for this at present, that in humans this effect could also be due to a blockade of alcohol-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens as has been demonstrated in animals. Further studies with clinical populations are required to assess the effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists on drinking behaviour and to explore their potential in the management of alcohol abuse.

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An opponent-process theory of motivation: II. Cigarette addiction.

Cited by 282 publications

References 7 publications

Conditioned inhibition of emotional responses: Retardation and summation with cues for IAPS outcomes

Conditioned inhibition of emotional responses: Retardation and summation with cues for IAPS outcomes

Withdrawal from Chronic Phencyclidine Treatment Induces Long-Lasting Depression in Brain Reward Function

Alcohol‐induced reinforcement: Dopamine and 5‐HT₃ receptor interactions in animals and humans

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An opponent-process theory of motivation: II. Cigarette addiction.

Cited by 282 publications

References 7 publications

Conditioned inhibition of emotional responses: Retardation and summation with cues for IAPS outcomes

Conditioned inhibition of emotional responses: Retardation and summation with cues for IAPS outcomes

Withdrawal from Chronic Phencyclidine Treatment Induces Long-Lasting Depression in Brain Reward Function

Alcohol‐induced reinforcement: Dopamine and 5‐HT3 receptor interactions in animals and humans

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Alcohol‐induced reinforcement: Dopamine and 5‐HT₃ receptor interactions in animals and humans