An operations view of special protection systems

Mitigation and prevention of cascading outages: Methodologies and practical applications

“…RAS are designed for specific foreseen events and may include shedding load or generation, triggered automatically in response to system limits designed to preserve system integrity. Considerable effort over the last several decades has been devoted to the research, various implementation and operation issues of RAS [1] - [9]. Several papers published by committees of CIGRE and IEEE have conducted surveys on the operation performance and reliability of remedial actions schemes installed across the globe [2,3,5].…”

Strategic Power Infrastructure Defense

“…A generic procedure for risk-based assessment of special protection systems is proposed in [42]. From an operations point of view, the paper [43] discusses the impact of special protection systems on the system operator, operational problems associated with special protection systems documentation, problems due to rapid proliferation of special protection systems, and concerns about the reliability of special protection systems. Other special protection schemes include defense measures proposed in [44] to deal with the sabotage or tampering in nuclear power plants, and the various techniques documented in [45] to rapidly and efficiently restore transmission line services after an emergency.…”

Adaptive wide area protection of power systems

“…Furthermore, SPS brings more complexity (Nielsen, Coultes, Gold, Taylor, & Traynor, 1988). Expanding or modifying dedicated "system protection" on top of existing protection systems would cause more and more coordination problems.…”