An Operant Pursuit of Generalization – Republished Article

Stokes, Trevor F.; Osnes, Pamela G.

doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.08.012

Cited by 24 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Fourth, the FFCs used as prompts during intervention are easy to find in any setting outside of training, making generalization more likely to occur. The components of the intervention contained some critical features necessary for generalization to occur (Stokes & Baer, 1977;Stokes & Osnes, 2016). To further investigate this important topic, researchers may teach children to use FFC intraverbal prompts as a rule to solve problems in complex categorical questions with compound stimuli and test the generalization effects on newly combined compound stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Empirical research on the acquisition of response variability is particularly relevant in remediation of key deficits resulting from restrictive, repetitive patterns of interest and behavior associated with ASD. Furthermore, variability or novelty of responses is recognized as a key element of generalization (Stokes & Baer, 1977;Stokes & Osnes, 2016), required for problem solving, and potentially associated with creativity (Neuringer, 2002). One important type of behavior requiring varied responses pertains to answering others' questions.…”

Section: Autismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using intraverbal prompts to increase divergent intraverbal responses by a child with autism

Lee

Chou

Feng

2017

Behavioral Interventions

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We examined the effectiveness of intraverbal prompts to increase the number of divergent responses to categorical questions composed of compound stimuli (e.g., Name some red things) for a 6‐year‐old child with autism. The intraverbal prompts involved providing the function, feature, and class of the target responses. A multiple probe across behaviors design was used. Results indicated that the child's total number of divergent responses was increased and maintained during 2‐week follow‐up probe trials. Novel responses were observed across conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Autismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using intraverbal prompts to increase divergent intraverbal responses by a child with autism

Lee

Chou

Feng

2017

Behavioral Interventions

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“…To reiterate, researchers maintain that the high photographic and behavioral realism afforded by VR can influence the transfer of skills from a VR environment to novel contexts and situations. Virtuoso also attends to the three heuristics for generalization developed by Stokes and Osnes (2016) so as to promote transfer, which include taking advantage of natural communities of reinforcement, training diversely and incorporating functional mediators. Virtuoso incorporates aspects of the natural environment on the university campus and in university offices to promote acquisition of the skill of navigating to and boarding the shuttle.…”

Section: Our Objectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salient physical and social stimuli were also incorporated so as to influence transfer (Stokes and Osnes, 2016). Salient physical stimuli “may be a physical object that is present in both the training and the generalization setting, or at least very similar items are present in both settings” (Stokes and Osnes, 2016, p. 727). Examples of physical stimuli in Virtuoso include the use of symbols that learners would already be familiar with, such as arrows and visual schedules.…”

Section: Our Objectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of physical stimuli in Virtuoso include the use of symbols that learners would already be familiar with, such as arrows and visual schedules. Salient social stimuli can be “the characteristics of a person, such as a certain gesture, or the presence of the person” (Stokes and Osnes, 2016, p. 728). Examples of social stimuli in Virtuoso are the virtual and real-world presence of staff members.…”

Section: Our Objectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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Piloting an adaptive skills virtual reality intervention for adults with autism: findings from user-centered formative design and evaluation

Schmidt

Glaser

2021

JET

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present evaluation findings from a proof-of-concept virtual reality adaptive skills intervention called Virtuoso, designed for adults with autism spectrum disorders. Design/methodology/approach A user-centric usage test was conducted to investigate the acceptability, feasibility, ease-of-use and relevance of Virtuoso to the unique needs of participants, as well as the nature of participants’ user experiences. Findings are presented from the perspectives of expert testers and participant testers with autism. Findings This paper offers findings that suggest Virtuoso is feasible and relevant to the unique needs of the target population, and that user experience was largely positive. Anecdotal evidence of skills transfer is also discussed. Research limitations/implications The research was conducted in limited settings and with a small number of participants. Multiple VR hardware systems were used, and some experienced instability. This could be accounted for in future research by deploying across multiple settings and with a larger number of participants. Some evidence of cybersickness was observed. Future research must carefully consider the trade-offs between VR-based training and cybersickness for this vulnerable population. Originality/value This paper reports on cutting-edge design and development in areas that are under-represented and poorly understood in the literature on virtual reality for individuals with autism.

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Relapse and its mitigation: Toward behavioral inoculation

Kimball

Greer

Fuhrman

et al. 2023

J of App Behav Analysis

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Relapse following the successful treatment of problem behavior can increase the likelihood of injury and the need for more intensive care. Current research offers some predictions of how treatment procedures may contribute to relapse, and conversely, how the risk of relapse can be mitigated. This review describes relapse-mitigation procedures with varying levels of support, the quantitative models that have influenced the research on relapse mitigation, different experimental methods for measuring relapse mitigation, and directions for future research. We propose that by viewing the implementation of relapse-mitigation procedures as a means of producing behavioral inoculation, clinicians are placed in the proactive and intentional role of exposing their client's behavior to an array of reinforcement and stimulus conditions during treatment with the goal of decreasing the detrimental impact of future treatment challenges.

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An Operant Pursuit of Generalization – Republished Article

Cited by 24 publications

References 38 publications

Using intraverbal prompts to increase divergent intraverbal responses by a child with autism

Using intraverbal prompts to increase divergent intraverbal responses by a child with autism

Piloting an adaptive skills virtual reality intervention for adults with autism: findings from user-centered formative design and evaluation

Relapse and its mitigation: Toward behavioral inoculation

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