An Open Source Solution for Smart Contract-Based Parking Management

Buldakov, Nikolay; Khalilev, Timur; Distefano, Salvatore; Mazzara, Manuel

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47240-5_6

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…We found, in the literature, two smart contract-based proposals that attempted to address the concept of a unified system, “A Blockchain-based Architecture for Integrated Smart Parking Systems” [ 21 ], and “An Open Source Solution for Smart Contract-based Parking Management” [ 22 ]. Sabbir Ahmed, Soaibuzzaman et al [ 21 ] proposed for each parking spot to trigger a blockchain transaction when the status changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sabbir Ahmed, Soaibuzzaman et al [ 21 ] proposed for each parking spot to trigger a blockchain transaction when the status changes. Nikolay Buldakov, Manuel Mazzara, and Salvatore Distefano et al [ 22 ] focused on micropayments and the transparency of interactions. While theoretically sound, the proposed solutions were lacking in practical applicability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unified InterPlanetary Smart Parking Network for Maximum End-User Flexibility

Iacobescu

Oltean

Florea

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Technological breakthroughs have offered innovative solutions for smart parking systems, independent of the use of computer vision, smart sensors, gap sensing, and other variations. We now have a high degree of confidence in spot classification or object detection at the parking level. The only thing missing is end-user satisfaction, as users are forced to use multiple interfaces to find a parking spot in a geographical area. We propose a trustless federated model that will add a layer of abstraction between the technology and the human interface to facilitate user adoption and responsible data acquisition by leveraging a federated identity protocol based on Zero Knowledge Cryptography. No central authority is needed for the model to work; thus, it is trustless. Chained trust relationships generate a graph of trustworthiness, which is necessary to bridge the gap from one smart parking program to an intelligent system that enables smart cities. With the help of Zero Knowledge Cryptography, end users can attain a high degree of mobility and anonymity while using a diverse array of service providers. From an investor’s standpoint, the usage of IPFS (InterPlanetary File System) lowers operational costs, increases service resilience, and decentralizes the network of smart parking solutions. A peer-to-peer content addressing system ensures that the data are moved close to the users without deploying expensive cloud-based infrastructure. The result is a macro system with independent actors that feed each other data and expose information in a common protocol. Different client implementations can offer the same experience, even though the parking providers use different technologies. We call this InterPlanetary Smart Parking Architecture NOW—IPSPAN.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unified InterPlanetary Smart Parking Network for Maximum End-User Flexibility

Iacobescu

Oltean

Florea

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…Figure 1 shows the review methodology used to obtain the related articles considered. The scopes of these articles address different issues, including application and usability [20][21][22], pricing and contracts [23][24][25], availability prediction and allocation [26][27][28], and others. The 275 articles were further scrutinized based on the problem scope, solution approach, and evaluation method.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Development of Smart Parking System Based on Fog Computing and Internet of Things

et al. 2021

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Current parking systems employ a single gateway-centered solution (i.e., cloud) for data processing which leads to the possibility of a single point of failure, data loss, and high delays. Moreover, the parking-spot selection process considers criteria that do not maximize parking utilization and revenue. The pricing strategy does not achieve high revenue because a fixed pricing rate is utilized. To address these issues, this paper proposes a smart parking system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) that provides useful information to drivers and parking administrators about available parking spots and related services such as parking navigation, reservation, and availability estimation. A multi-layer architecture is developed that consists of multiple sensor nodes, and fog and cloud computing layers. The acquired parking data are processed through fog computing nodes to facilitate obtaining the required real-time parking data. A novel algorithm to obtain the optimal parking spot with the minimum arrival time is also presented. Proof-of-concept implementation and simulation evaluations are conducted to validate the system performance. The findings show that the system reduces the parking arrival time by 16–46% compared to current parking systems. In addition, the revenue is increased for the parking authority by 10–15%.

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“…One of the major issues in the smart parking system is about the privacy of information associated with the drivers 8 . The most of the current approaches necessitate the drivers to disclose sensitive information to the service providers about their reservation times, destinations, and real identities 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ring signature and improved multi‐transaction mode consortium blockchain‐based private information retrieval for privacy‐preserving smart parking system

Singh

Satish

Lakshmi³

2021

Int J Communication

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Summary In big cities, the drivers face a major problem in identifying an optimal vacant parking space for their vehicles as the number of vehicles has rapidly grown over the recent years. This objective of determining the available parking space results in wastage of time, air pollution, and traffic congestion. Smart parking systems facilitate the driver to book parking slots and attain real‐time parking information. However, the existing smart parking solutions necessitate the disclosure of sensitive information like desired destination from the vehicle drivers. Moreover, the current smart parking solutions are highly centralized, making them vulnerable for launching privacy breaches by service providers and resulting in the issues of single‐point failure. In this paper, ring signature and improved multi‐transaction mode consortium blockchain‐based private information retrieval (RS‐IMTMCB‐PIR) scheme is proposed for privacy preserving in smart parking system. This RS‐IMTMCB‐PIR scheme initially utilizes an improved multi‐transaction mode consortium blockchain constructed by different number of parking lot owners in order to achieve maximized parking offers based on the factor of availability, transparency, and security. It incorporates an improved private information retrieval approach for protecting the location privacy of drivers and secretly retrieving the offers of parking from the improved multi‐transaction mode consortium blockchain. It further utilizes the benefits of ring signature for permitting the drivers in a potential anonymous authentication process that aids in available parking slot reservation. The simulation results of this proposed RS‐IMTMCB‐PIR scheme portrayed a predominant performance in ensuring maximized degree of drivers' privacy with reduced computation and communication overheads.

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An Open Source Solution for Smart Contract-Based Parking Management

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Unified InterPlanetary Smart Parking Network for Maximum End-User Flexibility

Unified InterPlanetary Smart Parking Network for Maximum End-User Flexibility

Design and Development of Smart Parking System Based on Fog Computing and Internet of Things

Ring signature and improved multi‐transaction mode consortium blockchain‐based private information retrieval for privacy‐preserving smart parking system

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